The environmental challenges surrounding fertilisers
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In this article, we’ll explore the environmental challenges of fertilisers and what’s being done to address them.
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What is the difference between weather and climate?
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Many people use the terms "weather" and "climate" interchangeably, but they refer to two very different concepts. Weather describes the day-to-day changes we experience - like a sudden thunderstorm or a chilly morning - while climate focuses on long-term patterns that shape entire regions. Understanding the difference between weather and climate isn’t just about semantics; it’s key to making sense of larger environmental issues, like climate change.
👉 In this article, we’ll break down what weather and climate mean, explore how they differ, and explain why this distinction is important for understanding our planet.
What is the difference between weather and climate?
The difference between weather and climate comes down to time. Weather refers to short-term atmospheric conditions - what’s happening in a specific place right now or over the next few days. Climate, on the other hand, describes the average weather patterns of a region over decades or even centuries.
For example, a single snowy day in April is an example of weather, while the fact that winters are typically cold and snowy in northern Europe reflects the region’s climate. In essence, weather is what you experience on a daily basis, while climate represents the long-term trends shaping those daily conditions.
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What is weather?
Weather refers to the short-term conditions of the atmosphere in a particular place and time. It includes factors such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, precipitation, and atmospheric pressure - all of which can fluctuate within minutes, hours, or days. Weather is dynamic and ever-changing, influenced by interactions between the Earth’s surface, oceans, and atmosphere.
Unlike climate, which takes decades to reveal patterns, weather is immediate and highly variable. For example, you might wake up to clear skies and sunshine, only to experience heavy rain by lunchtime. These daily shifts are what make weather forecasting so essential for planning activities, travel, or even deciding what to wear.
Weather is also influenced by geographic location. Coastal regions, for example, often experience milder and more humid conditions compared to inland areas, while mountainous regions may see rapid changes in temperature and precipitation throughout the day.
To put it simply, weather is the atmospheric snapshot of a moment in time. It’s what we check on our phones each morning and adjust our lives around as it unfolds.
The science behind weather: how weather forms
Weather systems are primarily driven by the Sun's energy, which unevenly heats the Earth's surface. This uneven heating results from differences in latitude, surface composition (land vs. water), and the angle at which solar radiation hits the planet. For example, the equator receives more direct sunlight than the poles, creating a big temperature difference. This temperature gradient generates areas of high and low pressure in the atmosphere, which in turn drive winds and influence weather patterns.
The Earth's rotation adds another layer of complexity through the Coriolis effect. This phenomenon causes moving air masses to deflect to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere, shaping large-scale weather systems such as trade winds, jet streams, and cyclones. Ocean currents, influenced by both the Sun’s heat and the Coriolis effect, further interact with the atmosphere, creating feedback loops that influence temperature, humidity, and precipitation on a global scale.
Weather is also shaped by localised factors. For example, proximity to oceans or lakes often moderates temperatures and increases humidity, leading to phenomena like sea breeses or lake-effect snow. Mountainous regions disrupt airflow, causing orographic lift, which forces moist air upward to cool and condense, resulting in increased precipitation on the windward side and drier conditions (referred to as rain shadows) on the other side. Urban areas can generate urban heat islands, where human activity and concrete infrastructure lead to higher temperatures compared to surrounding rural areas.
How accurate is weather forecasting?
Modern weather forecasting has come a long way, thanks to tools like satellites, radar systems, and advanced computer models. These technologies analyse variables such as air pressure, temperature, wind direction, and moisture levels to predict conditions. However, accuracy depends on the forecast's timeframe:
- 1-3 Day Forecasts: Short-term forecasts are highly reliable, with accuracy rates around 80%-90%. Temperature predictions are usually within 2-3°F (1-2°C), and rain likelihoods are generally dependable.
- 4-7 Day Forecasts: Accuracy begins to drop, with forecasts being around 70%-80% accurate. Temperature predictions remain reasonably reliable, but precipitation forecasts are less precise, especially beyond 5 days.
- Beyond 7 Days: Forecasts extending beyond a week become increasingly uncertain, with accuracy rates dropping to about 50%-60%. At this stage, forecasts provide general trends rather than precise details.
Despite these advances, the chaotic nature of the atmosphere - often referred to as the butterfly effect - means that even small changes in initial conditions can lead to significant variations in outcomes, making long-term predictions highly challenging.
The following table shows the key tools used by meteorologists to measure and predict weather patterns:
| Tool | Purpose |
|---|---|
| Satellites | Track cloud formations, temperature changes, and large-scale atmospheric patterns. |
| Radars | Detect precipitation intensity, helping forecast storms, rainfall, and even potential floods. |
| Weather stations | Measure local data, such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and pressure, to feed into forecasting models. |
| Numerical weather prediction (NWP) | Analyse atmospheric data using sophisticated computer models to simulate and predict weather conditions. Provide forecasts ranging from hours to a week in advance, though accuracy decreases over time due to the chaotic nature of the atmosphere. |
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What is climate?
Climate refers to the long-term average of weather patterns in a specific region, typically measured over decades. It encompasses trends in temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind, and other atmospheric factors that define a region's overall conditions. Unlike weather, which is fleeting and variable, climate provides a big-picture view of what’s typical for a location.
For example, the Sahara Desert is known for its hot, arid climate, while the Amazon Rainforest experiences a tropical climate with high temperatures and significant rainfall year-round. These patterns remain consistent over time, giving us a reliable sense of what to expect in different parts of the world.
Climate is shaped by a variety of factors, including latitude, altitude, proximity to oceans, and even human activity. Over centuries, natural phenomena like volcanic eruptions and changes in the Earth’s orbit have also played a role in shifting climates globally.
While the weather can change in a matter of hours, the climate is about long-term trends. These trends help scientists understand larger environmental changes, such as global warming, and their impacts on ecosystems, agriculture, and human life.
The science behind climate: what shapes long-term patterns?
The Earth's climate is governed by a delicate balance of factors, both natural and human-driven. At its core is the energy received from the Sun, which varies depending on latitude and seasonal shifts caused by the Earth's axial tilt. This solar energy drives the planet’s climate systems, influencing global temperature distributions and atmospheric circulation patterns.
Ocean currents play a significant role in moderating and distributing heat. For example, the Gulf Stream transports warm water from the tropics to higher latitudes, helping to keep Western Europe’s climate relatively mild. Similarly, the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle disrupts normal weather patterns every few years, altering precipitation and temperature trends across vast regions.
Geological and astronomical forces also shape climate over longer timescales. Volcanic eruptions release vast quantities of ash and sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere, temporarily cooling the planet by reflecting sunlight. Over millennia, changes in the Earth's orbit and axial wobble - known as Milankovitch cycles - have triggered ice ages and periods of warming.
In recent centuries, however, human activity has emerged as a dominant influence on climate. The burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes have significantly increased the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. These gases trap heat, amplifying the natural greenhouse effect and causing global temperatures to rise. This phenomenon, known as anthropogenic climate change, is accelerating shifts in regional climates, leading to more frequent and intense extreme weather events.
How scientists study climate
Climate research spans a range of disciplines and timescales. Paleoclimatology, for example, examines past climates using ice cores, tree rings, and sediment layers to reconstruct historical data over thousands or even millions of years. This allows scientists to compare modern trends against natural variability in the Earth's climate system.
For contemporary and future projections, climatologists use advanced climate models. These models incorporate vast datasets, including atmospheric composition, ocean temperatures, and land use changes, to simulate how the climate will respond to various factors. Unlike weather forecasts, which focus on specific daily conditions, climate models aim to predict long-term trends, such as average temperature increases or shifts in precipitation patterns.
Despite the complexity of climate science, one thing is clear: understanding these long-term patterns is essential for addressing global challenges like rising sea levels, biodiversity loss, and the socioeconomic impacts of climate change.
The following table summarises the key tools used by climatologists to predict climate trends and patterns:
| Tool | Purpose |
|---|---|
| Climate models | Advanced simulations that incorporate atmospheric, oceanic, and terrestrial data to predict long-term trends, such as temperature rise or shifts in precipitation. |
| Ice cores and sediment samples | Provide historical records of the Earth’s climate, capturing changes in greenhouse gas concentrations, temperature, and even volcanic activity over thousands of years. |
| Satellite data | Tracks global changes in sea levels, polar ice, and vegetation cover to understand the impacts of climate change. |
| Weather station archives | Long-term weather data from thousands of locations worldwide helps identify patterns and anomalies that indicate shifts in climate. |
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Key differences between weather and climate
While weather and climate are closely connected, they differ in several fundamental ways. Understanding these distinctions helps clarify how short-term conditions relate to long-term patterns. Here’s a breakdown of the key differences:
| Aspect | Weather | Climate |
|---|---|---|
| Timeframe | Short-term atmospheric conditions, lasting from minutes to days. | Long-term patterns and averages measured over decades or centuries. |
| Scope | Local and specific to a certain area (e.g., your city’s forecast today). | Broad and regional, describing general trends in large areas. |
| Predictability | Often unpredictable beyond a few days due to rapid changes. | More stable and predictable, as it reflects consistent trends over time. |
| Indicators | Includes elements like daily temperature, precipitation, and wind speed. | Tracks long-term averages of factors like seasonal rainfall, temperature trends, and shifts. |
| Impact on Decisions | Determines short-term choices, like whether to carry an umbrella. | Informs long-term planning, such as building infrastructure or farming strategies. |
“ A simple analogy to remember the difference is this: weather determines what you wear today, while climate determines what’s in your wardrobe. ”
Why the difference matters
Understanding the difference between weather and climate is essential for interpreting the world around us and addressing pressing environmental issues. Misunderstanding these concepts can lead to confusion, especially when discussing global challenges like climate change.
- Climate change misunderstandings: A common misconception arises when people confuse unusual weather events with broader climate trends. For example, a single cold winter day doesn’t disprove global warming, just as a record-breaking heatwave doesn’t prove it on its own. Climate change refers to long-term shifts in average conditions, not isolated weather anomalies. Recognising this distinction helps us better understand the evidence behind climate science.
- Decision-making and planning: Distinguishing between weather and climate is critical for effective planning. Farmers, for example, rely on climate data to determine which crops will thrive in their region, while architects consider local climates when designing energy-efficient buildings. On the other hand, weather forecasts are necessary for short-term decisions, like when to harvest or prepare for an incoming storm.
- Communication and action: Clear communication about the difference between weather and climate is important for building public understanding of environmental issues. If people view climate change as merely a series of extreme weather events, they may struggle to grasp its long-term impacts or the need for sustained action. By focusing on long-term patterns, we can build a stronger case for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to future changes.
Climate change and its impact on weather and climate
Climate change, driven largely by human activity, is altering the Earth's atmospheric systems in profound ways. These changes not only disrupt long-term climate patterns but also influence short-term weather events, often making them more extreme and unpredictable.
How climate change impacts weather
One of the most immediate effects of climate change is the intensification of weather events. As global temperatures rise due to increased greenhouse gas concentrations, the atmosphere retains more energy and moisture. This additional energy amplifies weather systems, resulting in:
- More frequent and severe heatwaves: Warmer baseline temperatures mean heatwaves occur more often and last longer, posing risks to human health, agriculture, and ecosystems.
- Increased heavy rainfall and flooding: A warmer atmosphere holds more moisture, leading to more intense rainfall events. These events can overwhelm drainage systems and cause devastating floods.
- Stronger hurricanes and typhoons: Warmer ocean temperatures fuel tropical storms, increasing their intensity and destructive potential.
- Shifting snowfall and ice patterns: Rising temperatures mean less snow in lower altitudes and more rapid melting of ice caps and glaciers, altering water availability for millions.
These changes disrupt ecosystems, damage infrastructure, and exacerbate socio-economic inequalities, particularly in vulnerable regions.
How climate change alters climate patterns
Climate change doesn’t just influence short-term weather; it also shifts long-term climate trends. Some of the most notable impacts include:
- Global temperature rise: The Earth’s average surface temperature has already increased by more than 1°C since pre-industrial times, with projections suggesting further warming if emissions are not curtailed.
- Changing precipitation patterns: Regions once known for consistent rainfall may experience prolonged droughts, while others face more frequent downpours. This disrupts agriculture, water resources, and livelihoods.
- Melting polar ice and rising sea levels: Warming temperatures are causing ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to melt, contributing to rising sea levels that threaten coastal communities worldwide.
- Shifting ecosystems: Many species are struggling to adapt as their habitats are altered by changing climates. This leads to biodiversity loss and ecosystem imbalances.
The feedback loop: weather, climate, and climate change
One of the most concerning aspects of climate change is its ability to create feedback loops that accelerate both weather extremes and climate shifts. For example:
- Melting ice reduces albedo: When polar ice melts, the reflective surface of the ice is replaced by darker ocean water, which absorbs more heat and accelerates warming.
- Warming oceans release more CO₂: Warmer oceans hold less carbon dioxide, releasing it back into the atmosphere and amplifying the greenhouse effect.
- Deforestation and land-use changes: Cutting down forests reduces carbon sequestration, increasing atmospheric CO₂ and further destabilising climate systems.
Why it matters
The impacts of climate change on weather and climate are not just theoretical - they are already being felt. From record-breaking heatwaves to unprecedented floods, the evidence of a changing climate is undeniable. These changes affect food security, water availability, human health, and global economies. Without significant action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to new realities, the frequency and severity of these impacts will continue to grow.
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How Greenly can help your company
Navigating the challenges of climate change and reducing your company’s carbon emissions requires expertise, data-driven insights, and actionable strategies. At Greenly, we offer carbon management solutions to help your business measure, analyse, and minimise its environmental impact.
Measure and track your emissions
Greenly’s platform enables you to monitor your Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions in real-time. By identifying where your emissions are highest, we provide a clear understanding of your company’s carbon footprint.
Identify opportunities for reduction
Our software highlights specific areas where emissions can be reduced, helping you prioritise impactful changes across your operations and supply chain.
Tailored action plans
We help you develop customised decarbonisation strategies that align with your industry and sustainability goals. Whether it’s optimising energy use, improving supply chain practices, or switching to renewable energy sources.
Build a more sustainable supply chain
We help you identify sustainable suppliers and reduce Scope 3 emissions, ensuring your supply chain aligns with your company’s climate goals.
Greenly’s carbon management solutions are designed to help you reduce your environmental impact, lower operational costs, and enhance your brand’s reputation. By turning sustainability into an actionable strategy, we empower your company to lead in the transition toward a low-carbon future. Get in touch with us today.
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