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Climate change continues to pose significant risks to global financial stability, underscoring the need for robust and transparent climate reporting frameworks. For years, the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) served as a cornerstone, helping businesses disclose climate-related financial risks while aligning environmental responsibility with financial transparency.
In October 2023, the TCFD was officially disbanded, with its responsibilities fully integrated into the International Sustainability Standards Board (ISSB). All TCFD recommendations have been incorporated into the ISSB's IFRS S2 Climate-related Disclosures Standard, alongside IFRS S1 General Requirements for Sustainability-related Disclosures. While businesses can still use TCFD guidelines during a transition period if required by regulations, the long-term goal is a unified global standard through the ISSB.
This marks a transformative step in corporate climate responsibility, simplifying the process for companies and investors while fostering greater consistency in sustainability reporting.
👉 In this article, we’ll explore the legacy of TCFD, the benefits of its recommendations, and how its principles have been seamlessly integrated into the ISSB’s standards.
The Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) was established by the Financial Stability Board (FSB) in 2015 as a strategic response to the growing recognition of climate change as a critical financial risk. Its purpose was to provide a structured framework for companies and financial institutions to disclose climate-related financial information transparently.
The TCFD had a twofold aim: to inform investors and stakeholders about the climate-related risks and opportunities companies face, and to foster a more sustainable, low-carbon global economy through informed investment decisions. By addressing the gap in reliable climate-related financial information, the TCFD played a pivotal role in elevating climate considerations in financial decision-making.
💡 The TCFD framework places significant importance on assessing the financial impacts of climate-related risks and opportunities. This involves quantifying how these factors might influence key financial metrics, such as operating costs, revenue streams, asset valuations, and access to capital. By linking risks (eg, transition risks from policy changes or acute risks from extreme weather) to potential financial outcomes, organisations can provide stakeholders with a clear picture of their financial resilience and strategic priorities. Similarly, opportunities such as efficiency improvements or low-carbon product development can be evaluated for their potential to drive cost savings and revenue growth.
Having fulfilled its remit, the TCFD succeeded in driving significant improvements in corporate climate disclosure practices globally. Its recommendations set the foundation for standardized, comparable climate-related reporting, paving the way for the development of the International Sustainability Standards Board (ISSB) framework, which now incorporates all the TCFD’s principles. Additionally, the TCFD’s influence is evident in the European Union’s Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD), which mandates detailed sustainability disclosures for in-scope companies. Together, these frameworks reflect a unified push toward greater transparency and accountability in corporate sustainability reporting, ensuring consistency across jurisdictions and sectors.
The Task Force issued its ‘Final Report’ in 2017, laying out 11 voluntary recommendations collectively known as the TCFD framework. While this report established the foundation of the TCFD’s work, the Task Force continued to release supplementary reports and updates in subsequent years, reflecting ongoing developments and best practices in climate risk reporting. These recommendations quickly gained global recognition, reflecting the urgent need for greater transparency in climate risk reporting.
👉 Since its inception, the TCFD has garnered support from over 4,900 organizations across 103 jurisdictions, underscoring a growing global consensus on the importance of climate-related disclosures in financial decision-making.
💡 The TCFD's influence extended well beyond voluntary adoption. Its principles served as the foundation for regulatory frameworks in many jurisdictions, including the European Union, Singapore, Japan, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, where climate risk disclosures are progressively becoming mandatory. In the United States, California enacted Senate Bill 261 in 2023, mandating that companies with annual revenues over $500 million doing business in the state disclose climate-related financial risks in alignment with the TCFD framework. This shift from voluntary guidelines to regulatory requirements reflects the global financial sector's commitment to integrating climate accountability into decision-making processes.
This shift from voluntary guidelines to regulatory requirements reflects the global financial sector's commitment to integrating climate accountability into decision-making processes.
The 2023 TCFD Status Report, released in October 2023, highlights the significant progress made in climate-related financial disclosures while also identifying areas where further work is needed. The report reflects a substantial increase in the adoption of TCFD recommendations across industries and geographies, driven by growing regulatory support and investor demand for transparent climate-related information.
Key findings from the report include:
The TCFD successfully laid the groundwork for standardized, comparable climate-related disclosures. Its principles have now been fully incorporated into the ISSB's IFRS S2 Climate-related Disclosures Standard, ensuring that its legacy continues through a unified global framework.
The TCFD standards were built around four core areas: governance, strategy, risk management, and metrics and targets - designed to provide a structured and transparent approach to climate-related financial disclosures. These standards formed the foundation for how companies reported on climate risks and opportunities, enabling consistent and comparable information for investors and stakeholders.
One of the TCFD's core principles is its focus on financial materiality, which examines how climate-related risks and opportunities impact a company's financial performance, such as revenues, cash flows, and asset valuations. This focus contrasts with the double materiality approach adopted by the European Union's Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD), which considers not only how sustainability issues affect financial performance but also how a company's activities impact the environment and society. This difference underscores the complementary but distinct objectives of the TCFD and CSRD, reflecting varying global approaches to sustainability reporting.
With the disbandment of the TCFD in 2024, these principles have been fully incorporated into the International Sustainability Standards Board’s (ISSB) IFRS S2 Climate-related Disclosures Standard. This ensures that the TCFD’s recommendations remain central to the global framework for sustainability reporting.
The TCFD emphasized the importance of translating climate change impacts into measurable financial risks and opportunities. To foster a shared understanding between companies and investors, the task force developed a taxonomy that organisations were encouraged to reference in their disclosures.
The TCFD categorized climate-related risks into two main types:
By addressing these risks, companies provided transparency on how climate change could disrupt operations or create financial vulnerabilities.
The TCFD also highlighted opportunities that organisations could leverage to address climate change while deriving financial benefits. Key areas included:
Organizations adhering to the TCFD framework were encouraged to disclose the potential current and future financial impacts of these risks and opportunities. This critical element helps stakeholders better understand how climate change might affect revenues, cash flows, and balance sheets over time.
❗ Recognising the uncertainty surrounding global warming's full scope, the TCFD emphasized the critical role of forward-looking scenario analyses in refining sustainability strategies and financial assessments over time. These scenarios allow organizations to evaluate how different climate futures - such as a 1.5°C or 2°C warming scenario - might impact their operations, financial performance, and resilience. By incorporating forward-looking scenario analyses, companies can:
Forward-looking scenario analyses are now a cornerstone of the ISSB's IFRS S2 Climate-related Disclosures Standard, ensuring that this vital practice continues to shape corporate climate strategies in a rapidly changing world.
The TCFD framework consists of four key pillars (governance, strategy, risk management, and metrics and targets) which are further broken down into 11 specific recommendations. These recommendations provided a detailed roadmap for companies to structure their climate-related disclosures effectively.
The TCFD also distinguished between those relevant for all sectors and those tailored to specific sectors. This approach ensured that disclosures remained both comprehensive and adaptable to the unique challenges and opportunities faced by different industries.
Governance focuses on how a company’s board and management oversee and manage climate-related risks and opportunities. The TCFD emphasized transparency in leadership structures. For example, companies are encouraged to disclose how the board integrates climate considerations into overall governance practices, such as through dedicated committees or oversight mechanisms.
Strategy addresses the actual and potential impacts of climate-related risks and opportunities on a company's business, strategy, and financial planning. This includes scenario analysis to assess resilience under different climate futures, such as a 2°C or lower scenario. Today, IFRS S2 builds on this by requiring companies to disclose how climate-related risks and opportunities influence their strategic and financial planning.
Risk management is centered on how companies identify, assess, and manage climate-related risks. The TCFD emphasized integrating these processes into broader risk management frameworks. Under IFRS S2, these principles are expanded to ensure companies articulate how climate risks are embedded in overall enterprise risk management practices.
Metrics and targets detail the specific indicators and goals companies use to manage climate risks and opportunities. This includes mandatory reporting of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for Scope 1 (direct emissions) and Scope 2 (indirect emissions from energy use), while Scope 3 (indirect emissions across the value chain) is required only when deemed material to the organization's operations and impact. Under the ISSB standards, these metrics remain crucial, with IFRS S2 mandating the disclosure of emissions data and the targets used to address climate-related risks.
By incorporating the TCFD framework into the ISSB’s IFRS standards, the principles of governance, strategy, risk management, and metrics and targets now serve as the backbone of a unified global approach to climate-related financial disclosures. This ensures that the TCFD’s legacy continues to shape how companies navigate and disclose climate risks and opportunities, aligning with global sustainability goals.
Core element | Recommendation |
---|---|
Governance | Describe the board’s oversight of climate-related risks and opportunities. |
Describe management’s role in assessing and managing climate-related risks and opportunities. | |
Strategy | Describe the climate-related risks and opportunities the organization has identified over the short, medium, and long term. |
Describe the impact of climate-related risks and opportunities on the organization’s businesses, strategy, and financial planning. | |
Describe the resilience of the organization’s strategy, considering different climate-related scenarios, including a 2°C or lower scenario. | |
Risk management | Describe the organization’s processes for identifying and assessing climate-related risks. |
Describe the organization’s processes for managing climate-related risks. | |
Explain how these processes are integrated into the organization’s overall risk management framework. | |
Metrics and targets | Disclose the metrics used to assess climate-related risks and opportunities in line with the organization’s strategy and risk management process. |
Disclose Scope 1, Scope 2, and, if appropriate, Scope 3 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and associated risks. | |
Describe the targets used by the organization to manage climate-related risks and opportunities, and provide performance against these targets. |
While the four key pillars of the TCFD framework (governance, strategy, risk management, and metrics and targets) and the 11 specific recommendations provided a detailed roadmap for climate-related disclosures, the Fundamental Principles for Effective Disclosure ensured these disclosures were actionable, reliable, and aligned with stakeholder needs. These principles served as a guide to help companies implement the recommendations effectively and produce high-quality, decision-useful information.
The TCFD outlined these principles to enhance the usefulness and reliability of climate-related financial information. They include:
By adhering to these principles, companies can enhance transparency and ensure their climate disclosures meet the needs of stakeholders while aligning with global reporting frameworks.
The Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) has officially concluded its work, following the successful integration of its recommendations into the International Sustainability Standards Board (ISSB) framework. This marked the end of the TCFD as an active task force but solidified its legacy as the foundation for global climate-related financial disclosures.
The TCFD was disbanded to streamline and simplify sustainability reporting standards for companies and investors. With the ISSB established to oversee global sustainability disclosure standards, the TCFD’s recommendations were fully incorporated into the ISSB’s IFRS S2 Climate-related Disclosures Standard. This transition ensures a single, unified framework for climate-related financial disclosures, reducing complexity and enhancing comparability across jurisdictions and industries.
The ISSB’s IFRS S2 Climate-related Disclosures Standard, along with IFRS S1 General Requirements for Sustainability-related Disclosures, has effectively replaced the TCFD framework. These standards incorporate all 11 recommendations of the TCFD and expand upon them, providing a comprehensive and globally accepted structure for sustainability reporting.
Companies and investors alike will benefit from this new streamlined framework, which is designed to meet the growing demand for transparency and accountability in the face of climate change.
The ISSB standards - IFRS S2 Climate-related Disclosures and IFRS S1 General Requirements for Sustainability-related Disclosures - fully integrate the TCFD’s foundational principles while addressing areas where the original recommendations could be enhanced. This new framework is designed to deliver greater specificity, clarity, and global consistency in sustainability and climate-related financial reporting.
IFRS S1 mandates that companies disclose material information about sustainability-related risks and opportunities that could reasonably be expected to affect the entity's cash flows, access to finance, or cost of capital over the short, medium, or long term. This includes details on governance, strategy, risk management, and metrics and targets related to sustainability.
Requirement | Details |
---|---|
Materiality assessment | Identify and disclose sustainability-related risks and opportunities that could reasonably influence investor decisions. |
Integration with financial statements | Explain how sustainability-related risks and opportunities impact financial performance, position, and cash flows. |
Interconnected disclosures | Ensure sustainability information is consistent and connected with the financial statements for comparability. |
Comprehensive scope | Cover all relevant environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors, not limited to climate-related issues. |
Forward-looking focus | Include forward-looking information, such as strategic responses and potential future financial impacts. |
Consistency and comparability | Apply consistent metrics and methodologies to allow comparisons across reporting periods and with peers. |
Building upon IFRS S1, IFRS S2 focuses specifically on climate-related risks and opportunities. It requires companies to provide information on governance, strategy, risk management, and metrics and targets concerning climate-related issues. This includes disclosures on greenhouse gas emissions and the potential financial impacts of climate change on the organization.
The ISSB builds on the TCFD by expanding its scope and introducing new requirements aimed at addressing gaps and improving usability for investors and stakeholders:
Requirement | Details |
---|---|
Climate risk and opportunity identification | Disclose climate-related risks and opportunities relevant to the organisation’s business and financial planning. |
Financial impacts of climate change | Quantify and disclose how identified climate risks and opportunities affect revenues, costs, and overall performance. |
Scenario analysis | Provide resilience assessments under different climate scenarios, including those aligned with limiting warming to 2°C. |
GHG emissions reporting | Report Scope 1, Scope 2, and, where relevant, Scope 3 greenhouse gas emissions. |
Climate-related targets | Disclose climate targets, strategies to achieve them, and progress over time. |
Sector-specific guidance | Include industry-specific disclosures where applicable, ensuring relevance and comparability. |
The ISSB framework not only retains the core strengths of the TCFD, but also elevates its usability and relevance. These enhancements mean companies must now:
By addressing these areas, the ISSB creates a unified global standard that eliminates inconsistencies in sustainability reporting, ensuring disclosures are more comprehensive, comparable, and decision-useful.
👉 For a deeper dive into the specifics of IFRS S1 and IFRS S2, including detailed guidance on their application and implications, check out our comprehensive article on the ISSB standards.
The Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) laid the groundwork for transparent and consistent climate-related financial disclosures worldwide. Its recommendations, structured around governance, strategy, risk management, and metrics and targets, were widely adopted and formed the backbone of climate disclosure standards in numerous jurisdictions, including the UK and the US. The TCFD's legacy continues as its recommendations are fully incorporated into the International Sustainability Standards Board’s (ISSB) IFRS S1 and S2 standards.
The ISSB’s IFRS S1 (General Requirements for Sustainability-related Disclosures) and IFRS S2 (Climate-related Disclosures) build on the TCFD framework by providing a more comprehensive and globally applicable approach to sustainability and climate reporting. These standards are effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2024. However, their adoption is jurisdiction-specific, with national authorities determining whether companies must apply them.
The UK has formally endorsed the adoption of ISSB S1 and S2 standards, reinforcing its commitment to enhancing the quality and consistency of sustainability reporting. These standards will complement the UK’s Sustainability Disclosure Requirements (SDR), introduced in late 2023, and are expected to provide a comprehensive framework for sustainability reporting.
Key developments in the UK:
How ISSB standards support the UK’s framework:
The new UK Sustainability Reporting Standards (SRS) will incorporate ISSB S1 and S2 while aligning with SDR. This integration minimizes regulatory overlap and provides companies with a unified structure for sustainability disclosures.
The transition from TCFD to ISSB in the UK:
The UK was the first G20 country to mandate TCFD-aligned disclosures for large companies and financial institutions in April 2022. This mandate will transition to ISSB standards, preserving the TCFD’s foundational principles while expanding reporting to include broader sustainability-related financial information.
The EU adopted mandatory European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS) under the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) on July 31, 2023. These standards require in-scope companies to disclose sustainability information aligned with ESRS, addressing environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues.
Alignment with IFRS S1 and S2:
To avoid duplicative reporting, the EU and ISSB are collaborating to ensure compatibility between ESRS and IFRS S1 and S2. This harmonization effort supports the global comparability of sustainability reports while meeting regional regulatory requirements.
Key features of the EU framework:
The US has not adopted IFRS standards, with domestic companies continuing to report under Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). However, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is advancing its own climate disclosure rules, heavily influenced by the TCFD framework.
Key updates in the US:
Impact of ISSB standards:
Although the ISSB standards are not mandatory in the US, multinational corporations operating across jurisdictions may choose to adopt them voluntarily to align with global practices and meet investor expectations.
Round up
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Greenly’s platform streamlines carbon management and reporting, helping your company take meaningful steps to reduce emissions and enhance sustainability. By working with Greenly, you can:
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