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What is Global Warming?

EcologyGlobal Warming

Level

Ines Gendre

updated May 21, 2025

Copywriter specializing in environment, climate change and ecological transition at Greenly

Key points to learn about

What exactly is global warming?
What is the difference between global warming, climate change and climate disruption?
How did we create such a situation?
The causes and consequences
What we can and must do to prevent the worst-case scenario

“ This article is not intended to dwell endlessly on the seriousness of global warming and its consequences, that many of you are already aware of. ”

However, we believe it is important to:

remind people what global warming is and especially how it works;
take time to understand the chain of events that has led us to this situation;
explain why we are currently failing to do what we should do.

What is global warming?

Global Warming, Definition

According to the Oxford Dictionary, global warming is "the gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere due to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, CFCs, and other pollutants."

“ Contrary to common belief, this phenomenon is not always linked to human activity. ”

Throughout Earth's history, there have been instances of global warming that had nothing to do with humans – simply because humans didn’t yet exist.

For example, the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (a warming event we know of today) was caused by volcanic activity in that era. However, the rise in temperatures we are currently experiencing in the early 21st century is human-induced.

Note : the terms "global warming" and "climate change" are often used interchangeably. However, to be more precise, these terms don’t mean exactly the same thing. "Climate change" doesn’t specify the nature of the change. This term can be used in the context of cooling or warming on a global scale. The term "climate disruption" is less preferred in this context because the disturbances it describes are varied—large-scale weather phenomena, shifts in seasons, and more. There are many examples.

“ In a nutshell, we could say that global warming causes climate change, which leads to multiple climate disruptions. ”

What is the greenhouse effect?

“ Our planet is constantly receiving energy from its star, the Sun. ”

Some of this energy is absorbed by the Earth's surface, warming it up and causing it to emit infrared radiation. These rays are reflected back to the atmosphere, but are partially trapped by clouds and certain greenhouse gases present in the atmosphere.

This is known as the greenhouse effect. This phenomenon is a vital process for making Earth habitable. Without it, the temperature on Earth would be around -18°C. Thanks to the greenhouse effect, the average temperature is approximately +15°C.

Why are the Earth's Temperatures Rising?

There are two types of greenhouse effects:

☀️

Natural greenhouse as described above.

🔥

Anthropogenic greenhouse effect (i.e. human-made), which is mainly generated by the extraction and use of fossil fuels (coal, gas, and oil).

In simple terms, the anthropogenic greenhouse effect disrupts the natural one.

Our planet is not capable of absorbing and regulating the amount of greenhouse gases we emit. As a result, they are reaching record levels, not seen in nearly three million years.

And this is not without consequences on global temperatures.

Note : Contrary to what one might think, these gases take a significant amount of time to disappear. Methane, for instance, stays in our atmosphere for about a decade, nitrous oxide for 120 years, and sulphur hexafluoride for as long as 50,000 years.

Note : We often focus on carbon dioxide (CO2) because it accounts for around 2/3 of the increase in the greenhouse effect. To simplify data interpretation, other warming gases are expressed in CO2 equivalent (CO2e). According to the European Parliament's website, the European Union (EU) is the fourth-largest emitter of greenhouse gases in the world, after China, the United States, and India.

Here are some additional figures.

Since the beginning of the 20th century, global temperatures have risen by 1.1°C, and the 2010-2020 decade was the warmest on record.

While we still sometimes experience extreme cold events (particularly in China, with -48 °C in December 2023), the global trend is a continuous rise in average surface temperatures.

How Did We Get Here?

This is a critical question, especially as we recognise the difficulty of responding effectively to this crisis. Whether political leaders, companies, public figures, or everyday citizens, we are all struggling to take meaningful action.

Many people, particularly in Europe, intellectually agree that addressing climate change is essential. Yet, when it comes to making significant changes in the way we operate, things get complicated from the get-go.

But why is it so hard?

“ The root cause of climate change is a powerful addiction: energy abundance, made possible by the rise of fossil fuels. (The Shift Project, Climat, crises : Le plan de transformation de l'économie française, Odile Jacob Editions) ”

Thus, initiating a true ecological transition, the kind that requires real efforts and choices, means abandoning the societal model that all Western-born generations have known since the end of World War II.

It’s a difficult task for a brain conditioned by habits and instant gratification.

“ (...) The industry – machines upon machines – now provides us with millions of different products at ever-lower prices (boosting "purchasing power"). It provides about 40 square metres of heated living space per Westerner, allows us to travel across the region, the country, and the world, brings entertainment into every home (television, then the Internet), eases household chores (household appliances), builds modern hospitals, etc. (The Shift Project, Climat, crises : Le plan de transformation de l'économie française, Odile Jacob Editions) ”

Causes and Consequences of Climate Change

What Causes Climate Change?

🛢️

Fossil fuels

The extraction and use of fossil fuels is highly polluting.

🌳

Damage to Natural Carbon Sinks

Our carbon sinks are damaged to the point where they can no longer perform.

🐓

Intensive Livestock Farming

Intensive livestock farming produces greenhouse gases in very large quantities and in many different ways.

Fossil Fuels

Global warming is linked to an excessive concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in our atmosphere.

We produce these gases almost continuously through our activities, most of which depend on the extraction and use of fossil fuels (oil, gas, and coal) present in the Earth's subsoil.

The activities that most heavily contribute to this exploitation are:

energy production (for electricity and heating);
fuel production (to power vehicles, planes, and or boats).

“ Humanity hasn't always relied on fossil fuels this way. In fact, in historical terms, this exploitation is quite recent, dating back to the Industrial Revolution of the early 19th century. ”

What is sadly ironic is that during the Industrial Revolution, our ancestors probably believed that harnessing such energies would lead to societal progress, at a time when comfort was far from what it is today.

“ (...) back then, this impending warming wasn’t seen as bad news, quite the opposite. Arrhenius viewed this as a side effect of our technical advances, which would extend the growing season for plants, or reduce the harshness of winters, particularly in his own country. (The Shift Project, Climat, crises : Le plan de transformation de l'économie française, Odile Jacob Editions) ”

We often take for granted conveniences like having hot water on demand but this requires energy.

“ There’s no need to demonise the use of fossil fuels entirely. At one point, they contributed to societal development in positive ways. However, the model they fostered ultimately became harmful to the climate. This is especially true when, starting in the 1960s with the rise of consumer culture, we began producing far more than we truly needed. ”

Worse still, these emissions continue to increase today. Between 2022 and 2023, they rose by a further 1.3%.

To complicate matters further, it is feared that the economic and demographic growth of emerging countries will exacerbate the situation, especially if they adopt the same exploitation models developed by their Western counterparts.

Damage to Natural Carbon Sinks

Carbon dioxide (CO2) has earned a bad reputation, but it's important to remember that we emit CO2 simply by breathing.

“ To address today’s environmental challenges, decarbonisation is essential. However, it must be done while preserving this vital component of all life on Earth. (National Geographic, 10 December 2023) ”

Nature, in its original state, had a system designed to ensure that CO2 levels did not exceed what was necessary.

How? Through carbon sinks.

Forests, oceans, and other elements within our ecosystems naturally absorb CO2 as part of their processes, making them "natural carbon sinks".

“ Forests play a critical role in fighting climate change, as they contain 662 billion tonnes of carbon (2020), over half of the world's soil and vegetation stock, according to the FAO. (Geo, 28 February 2023) ”

The problem is that these carbon sinks are now damaged to the point where they can no longer fulfil this function. For example, our forests no longer absorb as much CO2 as they once did. The trees are reaching saturation, and many die in massive numbers during wildfires, which are increasingly frequent due to persistent droughts. When trees die, they release the CO2 absorbed throughout their lives, further exacerbating the problem.

Deforestation only intensifies the issue and is primarily driven by:

🌽

Agriculture

🚧

Infrastructure development

🪨

Mining activities

🏢

Urbanisation

Intensive Livestock Farming

Intensive livestock farming produces greenhouse gases in very large quantities (especially methane – CH4), which are released when animals digest their food, but not only.

In practice, greenhouse gases are also emitted when:

forests are cleared to grow crops for animal feed;
agricultural machinery powered by fossil fuels is used.

In short, livestock farming is responsible for 14.5% of global greenhouse gas emissions, making it one of the main sectors contributing to global warming.

The FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) estimates that 83% of the world's agricultural land is used for livestock.

Note : It is important to emphasise that while we must reduce our consumption of animal proteins (particularly meat) to mitigate our carbon footprint, completely removing livestock farming may not be the best solution. Livestock farming has significant benefits in terms of biodiversity and maintenance of existing ecosystems. Additionally, fully transitioning to plant-based diets would de facto lead to an increase in our need for arable land and could therefore generate even more deforestation.

What Are the Consequences of Climate Change?

1. On the environment

Consequences	🚨 Whats happens
Rising average temperatures...	leading to more frequent and intense heatwaves. The arid and Mediterranean regions are particularly affected, but they are far from being the only ones. Prolonged droughts impact soils, agriculture, and biodiversity.
Melting ice and rising sea levels...	now threaten coastal cities such as Miami, and small island nations such as the Maldives.
Disruption of ecosystems...	with land and marine species being forced to migrate or face extinction. This disrupts the natural balance, reduces biodiversity, and creates ripple effects throughout food chains.
Ocean acidification...	as carbon dioxide is absorbed by the oceans, it changes their pH levels. Coral reefs, which are home to 25% of marine species, are particularly vulnerable, jeopardising marine biodiversity.
An increase in the number, frequency, and intensity of extreme weather events...	such as storms, hurricanes, floods, and wildfires. These events cause loss of life, destruction of essential infrastructure, and even the collapse of some ecosystems.

“ Between 3.3 and 3.6 billion people live in conditions of high vulnerability to global warming, and about half of the world's population are experiencing severe water scarcity for at least part of the year. (The Shift Project, 9 May 2023) ”

2. On society

Consequences	🚨 What happens
Forced climate migration...	resulting from tensions in host regions, where local infrastructure and resources are often insufficient to accommodate new arrivals.
Food insecurity...	caused by droughts, floods, and the disruption of agricultural seasons. This disturbance in food production is a global concern, but its impact is far more devastating in regions that are particularly vulnerable, such as Africa.
Resource conflicts...	especially in regions such as the Middle East and North Africa, where water scarcity leads to conflicts between communities and even exacerbates existing tensions.
Loss of cultural heritage...	as historical sites and sacred places are no more protected from climate disasters than the rest of the world. The destruction of such sites threatens humanity's cultural legacy and the preservation of certain traditions.
Reduced quality of life...	linked to the multiplication of extreme weather events and natural disasters. Whether these have direct (such as increasing indoor temperatures) or indirect (such as resource shortages) effects, they reduce general well-being and cause significant financial losses when disasters damage existing infrastructure.

“ Van Oort and Zwart found that, depending on the climate change scenario, African rice yields could range between −24% and +18% by 2070 compared with 2000 (...) (National Library of Medicine) ”

3. On health

Consequences	🚨 What happens
The spread of diseases...	such as chikungunya, as their vectors (mosquitoes) colonise new warmer geographical areas. Regions that were once unaffected, such as parts of Europe, are now at risk.
Respiratory issues...	as rising temperatures and air pollution are aggravating tropospheric ozone, which causes respiratory diseases, particularly in children and the elderly.
Heat stress...	particularly during heatwaves, leading to a higher risk of heatstroke and dehydration. This is particularly dangerous for outdoor workers, athletes, and vulnerable populations.
Mental health deterioration...	caused by extreme weather events and trauma related to property losses, forced displacement, and recurring natural disasters. These exacerbate symptoms of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in affected communities.
Nutritional deficits...	resulting from reduced agricultural yields and limited access to fresh, nutritious food. These deficiencies mainly affect low-income populations, with children and the elderly being most vulnerable to malnutrition.

“ Climate change affects populations indirectly, through awareness of its effects, through the consequences on territories, through the threat to food, economic or housing security. (Polytechnique Insights, 29 March 2023) ”

4. On the economy

Consequences	🚨 What happens
Reconstruction and/or rehabilitation costs...	following extreme weather events. For example, the Canadian wildfires of summer 2023 are estimated to have cost nearly a billion dollars. All this spending places a burden on public budgets, hindering other critical investments.
Agricultural and wine industry losses...	as climatic conditions affect the stability of crops and incomes, leading to higher food prices. Small producers are particularly affected, as they have fewer resources to adapt to climate-related risks.
Increased healthcare costs...	due to the increase in climate-related illnesses. Health systems need to invest more in the prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases, vector-borne illnesses, and stress-related disorders.
Losses for the tourism sector...	(such as ski resorts) whose revenue streams are threatened.

5. Policy

Consequences	🚨 What happens
Increase in geopolitical tensions...	due to struggles for access to resources. This is the case in the Arctic, for example, where natural resources (oil and gas) are highly sought after.
Global governance challenges...	because the countries most affected by climate change (often in the developing world) are demanding more financial and technological support from rich countries. However, the issue of climate responsibility has become central in international negotiations.
The emergence of new pressures for adaptation and resilience....	Governments are called upon to strengthen infrastructure to better withstand natural disasters, which is a significant investment.
Strong social mobilisation...	mainly driven by younger generations, who are calling for more ambitious climate actions. These movements influence political choices and have led governments to adopt environmental laws that are not always well accepted by the rest of society for various reasons (as illustrated by the controversy surrounding the carbon tax).
A call for a review of current migration policies...	due to the increase in the number of climate refugees. Globally, out of 7.8 billion people, 3.3 to 3.6 billion are considered vulnerable to climate change.

“ Already, UNHCR data shows that, over the last decade, weather-related crises created twice as much displacement as conflict. Though such displacement often initially occurs within states– from rural to urban areas–as urban areas become more stressed, people are increasingly likely to move across international borders. (NATO, NATO Review, 19 May 2022) ”

Have Any Measures Already Been Taken to Fight Climate Change?

Yes, fortunately. Some organisations, in collaboration with many States, have worked to develop solutions aimed at reversing the trend.

In 1988, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and UN Environment founded the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), bringing together experts whose mission is to study climate change and develop strategies to stop or mitigate its impacts.

Similarly, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was initiated in 1992. At the time, no less than 197 Parties declared their commitment to fighting global warming.

Signed in 1995, the Kyoto Protocol then sought to turn these UNFCCC's commitments into concrete actions. Adopted on 11 December 1997, it led to the establishment of emission thresholds for seven greenhouse gases: methane, sulphur hexafluoride, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, perfluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons, and nitrogen trifluoride.

However, the Kyoto Protocol proved insufficient, leading to the adoption of the Paris Agreement in 2015. In this agreement, all UNFCCC signatories committed to intensifying and accelerating their efforts, to limit the global temperature rise to +2°C (ideally +1.5°C) by the end of the century.

The most recent initiative? The 2019 European Green Deal, which emphasises the EU's ambition to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. This commitment has since been strengthened by the "Fit for 55" climate package, enacted in 2021.

Should We Focus on Mitigation or Adaptation to Global Warming?

“ Global warming mitigation and adaptation are two interconnected strategies. If we wish to save what can still be saved, one cannot go without the other. ”

Mitigation

Involves reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Adaptation

Addresses the need to manage the disruptions and disasters already affecting the planet.

How Can We Fight Global Warming?

“ Fighting global warming requires a profound transformation of our society, economy, as well as our habits and practices. ”

In broad terms, the most urgent priority is :

to reduce our carbon footprint as quickly and efficiently as possible;
to protect the systems that can facilitate this (complex) societal transition.

Whether on an individual or organisational level, many initiatives can contribute to this collective effort. It is also important to take into account the fact that we are not all in the same boat when it comes to ecological transition.

Rural area

Cannot usually do without a car due to lack of public transport. However, has easier access to short local food networks.

Urban area

Can easily do without a private car. However, access to local producers is often more complicated.

Detached house

Can install solar panels, a compost bin or a water recovery system. More technical options available.

Apartment

Fewer technical possibilities, but can adopt low-impact habits and join collective initiatives (shared compost, etc.).

Young working people without children

Can choose a small home, travel by bike, travel light. Maximum flexibility.

Large family

More constraints on travel and housing. Can take action through food, sustainable equipment, and children's education.

Student

Little leeway on energy, but a lot of power over daily choices: soft mobility, second-hand clothing.

Retired homeowner

Can invest in thermal renovation or redesign their home to reduce its impact. Can also slow down their consumption.

Teleworker

Massive reduction in travel, more localised lifestyle, more freedom to adopt sustainable practices at home.

Commuter employee

Forced to travel every day. May favour carpooling, public transport or optimising their journeys.

The same goes for companies: depending on their industry, the challenges they face may vary. But somehow, this is not what matters.

What’s important is that everyone moves in the same direction, working to reduce their environmental impact with the resources available to them.

“ What has led us to the current situation can be reversed by simple daily changes. It may not be spectacular at first and it will take time, but as the effects accumulate, the system will rebalance. (Nathalie Cabrol, astrobiologist, À l'aube de nouveaux horizons - Editions du Seuil) ”

⚡

Individual

Reduce your energy consumption

Turn off appliances, insulate your home, lower the heating temperature.

🚌

Individual

Change your transport habits

Choose public transport, carpooling and clean vehicles.

🌿

Individual

Change your diet

Reduce meat consumption, buy local, avoid food waste.

🗑️

Individual

Reduce waste

Recycle, compost, repair rather than throw away.

🌟

Individual

Optimise your consumption

Consume less, buy second-hand, choose sustainable products.

💬

Individual

Raise awareness among those around you

Participate in local initiatives, talk to those around you, support NGOs.

☀️

Individual

Use renewable energy sources

Install solar panels, choose a green electricity supplier.

🖥️

Individual

Responsible digital consumption

Limit unnecessary storage, turn off devices, recycle electronic equipment.

💨

Business

Reduce GHG emissions

Use renewable energy, relocate, reduce overconsumption.

♻️

Business

Support the circular economy

Reuse raw materials, recycle, limit waste.

🔬

Business

Investing in green R&D

Innovating with sustainable materials, eco-designing products.

💼

Business

Raise employee awareness

Provide training on best practices and organise sustainable events.

📏

Business

Improve energy efficiency

Renovate buildings, install energy management systems.

🧱

Business

Create sustainable partnerships

Collaborate with responsible suppliers, include the environment in invitations to tenders.

📢

Business

Involve customers

Offer ecoresponsible products, encourage repairs, raise public awareness.

📄

Business

Communicate about your commitments

Publish CSR reports, adhere to recognised environmental labels.

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