10 Reasons to Track a Corporate Carbon Footprint
1 min
Level
In this article, we’ll explain what a corporate carbon footprint is, why it’s important, how it is measured, and reasons why your company should track it too.
ESG / CSR
Industries
MEASURE
ACT
COMFORM
What is the Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG Protocol)?
Level
If you can’t measure it, you can’t manage it. That’s especially true when it comes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and that’s where the Greenhouse Gas Protocol comes in.
“ Whether you're a global brand, a local council, or a sustainability team in a growing business, you can’t begin to cut emissions without a clear way to track them. The Greenhouse Gas Protocol provides exactly that – a standardised framework for measuring and managing emissions that’s now used around the world. ”
Co-created in the late 1990s by the World Resources Institute (WRI) and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), the protocol emerged just as climate action was gaining international momentum. Today, it’s the foundation of most carbon reporting systems, underpinning CDP disclosures, ESG strategies, and national climate plans alike.
From tracking emissions from company vehicles to mapping the carbon footprint of global supply chains, the GHG Protocol gives organisations a way to turn complex climate impacts into actionable data.
In this article, we’ll:
- Break down what the Greenhouse Gas Protocol is, why it was created, and why it matters
- Explain the differences between Scope 1, Scope 2, and Scope 3 emissions
- Outline the main GHG Protocol standards used by organisations
- Show how businesses can apply the protocol to meet regulations and take meaningful steps to reduce their environmental impact
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What is the Greenhouse Gas Protocol? A quick overview
“ The Greenhouse Gas Protocol – often called the GHG Protocol – is the leading global standard for measuring and managing emissions. Used by both public and private sector organisations, it provides a comprehensive global standardised framework for tracking carbon emissions and other greenhouse gases across operations, supply chains, and climate initiatives. ”
But it’s more than just a reporting tool.
At its core, the GHG Protocol helps organisations understand where their emissions are coming from and how to reduce them.
By turning complex climate data into clear, comparable metrics, it makes it easier for businesses to take targeted, effective climate action.
Why does this matter? Because reducing GHG emissions is essential to slowing global warming and avoiding the most dangerous impacts of climate change. But without a reliable way to measure emissions, any reduction target is just guesswork.
That’s where the GHG Protocol plays a vital role. It not only enables organisations to build detailed carbon inventories, it also helps them pinpoint the most impactful areas to cut GHG emissions. And because the standards are internationally recognised, they ensure that efforts are transparent, credible, and comparable across sectors and borders.
“ In fact, according to the GHG Protocol, 97% of disclosing S&P 500 companies reported to CDP using the Greenhouse Gas Protocol – a testament to its role as the gold standard in corporate emissions reporting. ”
What is the purpose of the GHG Protocol?
Measuring greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is just the starting point. The GHG Protocol provides the foundation for building effective climate strategies, driving accountability, and turning ambition into real action.
Core purpose
Science-based standards for meaningful climate action
The protocol offers practical, science-based standards that help organisations transform complex emissions data into meaningful decisions – from setting ambitious climate targets to reporting progress transparently and engaging stakeholders with confidence.
Evolving frameworks
Expanded to meet new climate challenges
As climate challenges have grown, the GHG Protocol has expanded its frameworks to address everything from product value chain emissions to city-wide mitigation planning, ensuring relevance for corporations and municipal governments alike.
Broad impact
Action across entire value chains
Its flexibility supports action across entire value chains, covering direct and indirect emissions (Scopes 1, 2, and 3). This enables organisations to focus not only on what they directly control but also where they can make the biggest impact.
Driving results
Data-driven emission reductions
By enabling a data-driven, forward-looking approach, the GHG Protocol makes climate action more effective, accountable, and aligned with global emission reduction goals.
A brief history of the GHG Protocol
“ The Greenhouse Gas Protocol evolved over decades as climate awareness and reporting needs grew. Here’s how it became the global gold standard for greenhouse gas accounting: ”
1997
Kyoto Protocol sparks change – global attention on climate change grows, highlighting the need for a standardised way to track emissions.
1998
Development begins – WRI and WBCSD launch a joint initiative to create a global GHG accounting framework.
2001
First Corporate Standard released – providing businesses with a consistent methodology to measure and report emissions.
2011
Scope 3 Standard introduced – enabling companies to account for indirect emissions across suppliers, logistics, and product lifecycles.
2014–2019
Expansion to sectors and cities – new standards for product life cycle accounting, mitigation goals, and city-wide emissions planning, plus PCAF partnerships.
Today
The global gold standard – used by thousands of organisations, forming the backbone of ESG frameworks and climate policies worldwide.
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How does the GHG Protocol work?
“ The Greenhouse Gas Protocol is best known for its system of categorising GHG emissions into Scope 1, 2, and 3 - a framework now used around the world to help organisations structure their carbon reporting. ”
But this is only part of what the GHG Protocol offers. Over the years, it has developed a broader set of standards and tools designed to guide climate action across different sectors and use cases.
Beyond the scopes:
🏢
The protocol includes frameworks for corporate reporting, product life cycle accounting, and even city-wide emissions tracking.
🔄
It’s not static – standards are regularly updated to reflect new climate science, policies, and industry practices.
Example of evolution
In 2019, the GHG Protocol partnered with the Partnership for Carbon Accounting Financials (PCAF) to create a new standard for financial institutions. This helps banks and investors account for the emissions linked to their portfolios – a crucial step in aligning finance with climate goals.
Supporting tools and guidance
To make reporting easier and more accurate, the protocol also provides:
- Practical guidance documents
- Calculation tools
- Training programmes for organisations of all sizes
“ Since the Paris Agreement was signed in 2015, the GHG Protocol has expanded to help not only businesses but also governments, cities, and public sector bodies track their progress toward climate goals. ”
Understanding the GHG Protocol Scopes: Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions
To build an accurate greenhouse gas inventory, companies need a clear way to categorise their emissions, and that’s where the GHG Protocol scopes come in.
“ Scope 1, Scope 2, and Scope 3 emissions represent different sources of GHG emissions across an organisation’s operations and value chain. This classification has become a global benchmark for carbon accounting and is now used in most emissions reporting frameworks. ”
Understanding these scopes is key to setting science-based targets, identifying reduction priorities, and tracking progress over time.
🏭 Scope 1: Direct emissions
These are GHG emissions that come directly from sources a company owns or controls.
This includes fuel combustion in company vehicles, manufacturing equipment, or on-site heating systems.
If your company is burning fuel or releasing gases on-site, that’s Scope 1.
💡 Scope 2: Indirect emissions from energy use
Scope 2 refers to emissions that occur off-site but are tied to the energy a company purchases and consumes.
Most commonly, this includes emissions from the generation of electricity, steam, heating, or cooling used in offices, factories, or data centres.
🌍 Scope 3: Indirect emissions across the value chain
Scope 3 emissions are the most wide-ranging and often the most significant.
They include all other indirect emissions that occur as a result of a company’s activities, but from sources not owned or directly controlled by the company.
This can include everything from the production of raw materials and transportation of goods to employee commuting, product use, and end-of-life disposal.
Here’s how the three scopes break down:
| Scope | Definition | Examples |
|---|---|---|
|
🏭 Scope 1
|
Direct GHG emissions from owned or controlled sources. | Fuel used in company vehicles, emissions from on-site boilers or furnaces, process emissions from manufacturing. |
|
💡 Scope 2
|
Indirect GHG emissions from purchased energy. | Emissions from the generation of purchased electricity, heating, cooling, or steam used in company buildings. |
|
🌍 Scope 3
|
All other indirect GHG emissions across the value chain. | Purchased goods and services, business travel, waste disposal, transportation and distribution, product use, and end-of-life. |
“ This scope-based system allows organisations to clearly define the boundaries of their emissions reporting. It also helps ensure greater consistency and comparability across industries, making it easier to benchmark progress and identify where reductions will have the greatest impact. ”
What are the different GHG Protocol Standards?
The Greenhouse Gas Protocol isn’t a single document, it’s a collection of evolving standards designed to meet the diverse needs of organisations measuring and managing their emissions.
“ While the Scope 1, 2, and 3 framework offers a high-level view of emissions sources, these standards provide the technical guidance needed to apply that framework in practice. They support everything from corporate carbon reporting and product-level assessments to national climate policies and city-wide decarbonisation plans. ”
Each standard responds to a specific challenge, whether it’s calculating the impact of a climate policy, understanding the carbon footprint of a supply chain, or designing a lower-emissions product.
Let’s explore the key standards and how they’re used:
The Corporate Standard serves as the foundation for GHG emissions measurement at the organisational level. It outlines how to build a reliable GHG inventory, including how to define organisational and operational boundaries, categorise GHG emissions sources, and ensure data quality over time.
Though primarily designed for companies, it’s also used by government agencies, non-profits, and academic institutions to ensure consistency and transparency in carbon reporting, especially in high-emissions sectors like manufacturing, transportation, and those reliant on fossil fuels.
According to the Carbon Majors Report, 71% of global emissions since 1988 can be traced back to just 100 companies – underscoring the critical role of corporate accountability in tackling climate change.
Scope 3 emissions (those linked to a company’s supply chain and product use) are often the largest and most difficult to measure.
The Corporate Value Chain Standard, also known as the Scope 3 Standard, helps organisations account for these indirect emissions across 15 defined categories, from purchased goods and employee commuting to product disposal and end-of-life impacts. It enables companies to identify emissions hotspots and make informed decisions about reduction strategies.
This standard is increasingly important as frameworks like CDP and TCFD push for more transparent Scope 3 reporting.
Designed for businesses that want to understand the full climate impact of their products, the Product Standard provides a methodology for calculating GHG emissions from raw material extraction to end-of-life disposal.
By embedding carbon analysis into product design and development, companies can reduce both emissions and costs while responding to growing consumer demand for sustainable products.
When organisations implement climate change mitigation projects, such as renewable energy installations, energy efficiency upgrades, or reforestation, they need a way to credibly quantify those reductions.
The Project Protocol provides a robust approach to assessing the GHG impact of individual projects, allowing for comparison against a baseline or “business as usual” scenario. It’s used by both public and private sector actors to demonstrate climate impact with confidence.
With cities responsible for over 75% of global emissions, local action is vital to addressing climate change. The GPC helps cities, states, and regions measure GHG emissions across sectors like buildings, transport, waste, and industry.
By enabling consistent and comparable data, it supports urban climate planning, helps track progress, and encourages collaboration across local governments.
Many governments have set long-term emissions reduction goals, including Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement. The Mitigation Goal Standard helps track progress towards these targets.
It provides a structured approach for evaluating whether policies and actions are delivering the expected results, and supports transparent reporting to national and international stakeholders.
When evaluating new climate policies or programmes, decision-makers need to understand their likely emissions impact. The GHG Protocol Policy and Action Standard provides a consistent methodology to estimate and compare the effectiveness of different interventions, such as renewable energy subsidies, building codes, or carbon pricing.
It helps policymakers weigh options, improve planning, and communicate expected outcomes to the public and investors.
GHG Protocol standards at a glance
| Standard | Purpose | Scope / Focus | Who uses it | Key features |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
🏢 Corporate Standard
|
Develops a complete GHG inventory | Scope 1 & 2 | Companies, NGOs, and public institutions | Defines boundaries, classifies emissions, sets base year, and tracks performance |
|
🔗 Scope 3 Standard
|
Measures emissions across supply chains and product lifecycles | Scope 3 | Corporations and large organisations | Covers 15 categories; focuses on indirect emissions across value chains |
|
📦 Product Standard
|
Assesses emissions of individual products | Product lifecycle | Manufacturers, retailers, and design teams | Informs product development and emissions reduction strategies |
|
🌱 Project Protocol
|
Calculates emissions reductions from specific initiatives | Project-level | Corporations, local authorities, developers | Applies to renewable energy, reforestation, efficiency upgrades, and more |
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🏙️ GPC for Cities
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Tracks emissions at the city or regional scale | Community-level | Cities, states, and national governments | Supports local climate planning and benchmarking |
|
🎯 Mitigation Goal Standard
|
Evaluates progress against climate targets | National/regional goals | National and sub-national governments | Designed to align with the Paris Agreement and NDCs |
|
🏛️ Policy and Action Standard
|
Estimates the GHG impact of policy decisions | Government action | Policymakers and regulators | Helps compare options and improve accountability |
Why do businesses rely on the GHG Protocol for carbon reporting?
“ Climate targets are becoming a business necessity. Investors want transparency, customers expect climate action, and regulators are introducing tougher disclosure rules. ”
For companies looking to future-proof their operations and thrive in a low-carbon economy, the GHG Protocol offers a practical and credible foundation. It offers a clear, consistent framework for measuring and reporting GHG emissions, helping businesses move from ambition to action with data they can trust.
Here’s how the GHG Protocol helps businesses stay ahead:
Clarity on where emissions come from – and how to reduce them
The GHG Protocol helps organisations understand exactly where their greenhouse gas emissions originate, across Scopes 1, 2, and 3. This enables more focused reduction efforts, whether it’s improving operational efficiency, switching to renewable energy, or redesigning supply chains.
Builds trust with investors, customers, and stakeholders
Transparent reporting backed by a globally recognised standard helps companies demonstrate accountability and credibility. In a world where 88% of institutional investors consider ESG factors in their decisions, trust matters more than ever.
Aligns with ESG frameworks and global standards
The GHG Protocol is embedded in many leading sustainability initiatives, including:
- Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) – requiring Scope 1–3 reporting
- Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) and SASB – using GHG Protocol principles
- Regulations such as the EU’s SFDR and UK’s SDR
Many ESG frameworks, like CDP and the Science Based Targets initiative, are built on GHG Protocol principles, but companies can also use the GHG Protocol directly to build emissions inventories and set science-based targets.
Prepares companies for compliance and climate risk disclosure
As governments introduce stricter reporting rules, including requirements for climate-related financial disclosures, companies need a consistent, auditable method for emissions reporting. The GHG Protocol provides exactly that.
Drives product innovation and market opportunities
By measuring the full emissions impact of their products and services, companies can make more informed design, sourcing, and production decisions, often reducing both emissions and costs. This product-level insight also helps brands meet growing consumer demand for sustainability.
How can companies implement GHG Protocol Standards?
The GHG Protocol is a tool companies can use to drive real greenhouse gas emissions reductions. But knowing where to start and how to apply the standards in practice can be a challenge.
Here’s a practical roadmap to help companies embed the GHG Protocol into their climate strategy:
1. Choose the right standard for your business
Start by identifying which GHG Protocol standard (or combination of standards) best fits your company’s goals, size, and emissions profile.
| If your company needs to... | Use this standard |
|---|---|
|
Build a foundational emissions inventory
|
🏢 Corporate Standard |
|
Measure and manage supply chain emissions
|
🔗 Value Chain (Scope 3) Standard |
|
Understand the full carbon footprint of a product
|
📦 Product Standard |
|
Quantify emissions reductions from a specific project
|
🌱 Project Protocol |
|
Track progress against long-term climate targets
|
🎯 Mitigation Goal Standard |
Example: Unilever uses the Value Chain Standard to evaluate emissions across its supply chain, identifying hotspots like raw material sourcing and logistics.
2. Build a tailored emissions inventory
Once the right standard is selected, the next step is to create a robust GHG inventory, the foundation for any climate strategy.
This involves:
🏢
Defining organisational and operational boundaries (e.g., subsidiaries, joint ventures, leased assets)
🗂️
Mapping and categorising emissions sources across Scopes 1, 2, and 3
📝
Establishing an inventory management plan to track actual emissions with consistent data collection, quality control, and documentation
Example: Microsoft applies the Corporate Standard to measure Scope 1 and 2 emissions from its offices and data centres, using this data as a baseline for reduction initiatives.
3. Set science-aligned targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
With baseline data in place, companies can use their emissions inventory to set short and long-term reduction targets. These targets should align with recognised frameworks like the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi), which encourages credible and ambitious climate goals.
The GHG Protocol’s structure ensures that targets are based on consistent, transparent emissions data, building internal confidence and external trust.
Example: Apple has committed to science-based targets under the SBTi, aiming to reduce Scope 1 and 2 emissions by 75% by 2030 and achieve full carbon neutrality across its entire value chain. Using GHG Protocol methodologies, Apple sets transparent short- and long-term goals that align with the 1.5°C pathway.
4. Act on the insights: reduce what you can
Once greenhouse gas emissions hotspots are clear, companies can move from measurement to mitigation. Strategies might include:
- Improving energy efficiency in buildings or production facilities
- Switching to renewable electricity and low-carbon fuels
- Redesigning products or packaging to lower life cycle emissions
- Engaging suppliers to reduce upstream emissions
- Exploring circular models or low-impact materials
Example: IKEA integrates the Product Standard to measure the value chain emissions of its furniture, leading to initiatives such as sustainable material sourcing and circular economy practices.
5. Monitor progress and communicate clearly
Tracking progress and reporting results is essential to staying accountable, both internally and externally.
Companies should:
Continuous updates
Continuously update their GHG inventory to reflect operational changes.
Transparent reporting
Publish emissions data through sustainability reports and ESG disclosures.
Framework alignment
Align reporting with frameworks like CDP, GRI, or TCFD.
Third-party verification
Consider third-party verification to build credibility.
Regular, transparent updates show stakeholders that climate commitments are more than words; they’re backed by action.
Example: Unilever regularly updates its GHG inventory and reports its progress in its annual Sustainable Living Report. The company aligns disclosures with frameworks like CDP and GRI and uses third-party verification to enhance credibility – demonstrating that its climate commitments are backed by transparent action.
“ The Greenhouse Gas Protocol has been instrumental in establishing GHG accounting standards to aid corporate accounting and reporting, thereby enabling organisations to accurately track and mitigate emissions. ”
Software that supports GHG Protocol reporting
Implementing GHG Protocol standards can be complex – from data collection across multiple sites to managing Scope 3 emissions. That’s why many companies rely on carbon management software to simplify reporting and ensure compliance with leading frameworks.
Below are ten popular platforms that help organisations measure, track, and report greenhouse gas emissions.
| Software | Details |
|---|---|
|
1️⃣ Greenly
|
Full carbon management suite, GHG Protocol-aligned reporting, Scope 1–3 tracking, supplier engagement, and lifecycle analysis. Best for: SMEs to large enterprises. |
|
2️⃣ Persefoni
|
Climate management & accounting platform, audit-ready reporting, and ESG data tools. Best for: Large corporations. |
|
3️⃣ Watershed
|
Real-time carbon tracking, science-based targets support, and supply chain decarbonisation tools. Best for: Enterprises and financial institutions. |
|
4️⃣ Emitwise
|
Automated emissions calculations with a focus on Scope 3 and supply chain data integration. Best for: Manufacturers and logistics. |
|
5️⃣ Plan A
|
ESG and carbon management platform with automated data collection and sustainability KPIs. Best for: SMEs and corporates. |
|
6️⃣ Normative
|
GHG accounting with spend-based analysis, compliance dashboards, and ESG reporting support. Best for: Mid to large companies. |
|
7️⃣ Carbon Analytics
|
Simplified carbon footprinting with SME-friendly, sector-based reporting templates. Best for: Small businesses. |
|
8️⃣ Enablon (Wolters Kluwer)
|
Enterprise-scale EHS and sustainability reporting, GHG Protocol-aligned. Best for: Large, multinational firms. |
|
9️⃣ FigBytes
|
ESG and sustainability data management platform with GHG reporting and net-zero roadmap tools. Best for: Medium to large companies. |
|
🔟 Sustain.Life
|
Easy-to-use emissions tracking, climate disclosures, and employee engagement features. Best for: SMEs and start-ups. |
The GHG Protocol in the UK
The Greenhouse Gas Protocol is widely recognised as the standard for UK companies reporting emissions in line with national climate regulations and net-zero commitments.
📜
Supports mandatory reporting
Used in SECR framework, requiring large UK companies to disclose annual energy use and GHG emissions. Ensures consistent, comparable data.
📊
Aligned with climate disclosures
Supports compliance with TCFD requirements, mandatory for premium-listed companies and expanding to other sectors.
🌱
Essential for net zero
Helps businesses build carbon inventories, identify emission hotspots, and take data-driven steps toward the UK’s 2050 net-zero target.
“ With the UK’s legally binding net-zero target for 2050, having a trusted framework like the GHG Protocol is more important than ever. It helps businesses build carbon inventories, identify emissions hotspots, and take data-driven steps to reduce their footprint – all in line with growing expectations from regulators, investors, and customers. ”
Quick answers: Greenhouse Gas Protocol FAQ
The Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG Protocol) is the world’s most widely used standard for greenhouse gas reporting. It provides a framework for companies, governments, and organisations to measure and manage emissions consistently across operations and supply chains.
Scope 1: Direct emissions from owned or controlled sources, like company vehicles or boilers.
Scope 2: Indirect emissions from purchased energy such as electricity or heating.
Scope 3: All other indirect emissions from the value chain, including suppliers, logistics, business travel, product use, and end-of-life.
- Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard
- Scope 3 Value Chain Standard
- Product Standard
- Project Protocol
- Mitigation Goal Standard
- Policy and Action Standard
While both are used for carbon accounting, the GHG Protocol is more widely adopted globally and underpins many ESG frameworks (CDP, SBTi, CSRD). ISO 14064 is a technical standard often used for verification and auditing purposes.
Carbon management platforms like Greenly, Persefoni, and Watershed automate Scope 1–3 calculations, streamline data collection, and provide audit-ready, GHG Protocol-aligned reports.
Start by selecting the right standard, building a Scope 1–3 emissions inventory, setting science-based targets, and implementing reduction initiatives. Many businesses use software to simplify data tracking and reporting.
While not legally mandated itself, the GHG Protocol underpins UK reporting frameworks like SECR and supports TCFD-aligned climate disclosures, making it essential for companies working towards net zero by 2050.
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How can Greenly help your company reduce greenhouse gas emissions?
Navigating the complexities of GHG accounting and emissions management can be challenging, but that's where Greenly comes in. Our carbon management services are designed to help your company measure, analyse, and reduce emissions effectively, aligning with global frameworks like the Greenhouse Gas Protocol.
Here's how we can support your sustainability journey:
| Service | Details |
|---|---|
|
Emissions Tracking
|
Our platform allows you to monitor Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions, helping you identify hotspots and target reduction strategies with precision. |
|
Lifecycle Assessments (LCAs)
|
Gain detailed insights into the environmental impact of your products and services, empowering you to make data-driven decisions for improvement. |
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Supply Chain Sustainability
|
We provide tailored guidance to help you engage with suppliers and transition to more sustainable practices across your value chain. |
|
Science-Based Target Setting
|
Our team supports you in setting achievable science-based targets that align with your company's goals and international standards like the SBTi. |
|
Decarbonisation Pathways
|
Create actionable roadmaps to reduce emissions, optimise operations, and enhance efficiency. |
|
Regulatory Compliance
|
Stay ahead of evolving regulations with our tools and insights that simplify compliance with ESG frameworks like GRI, SASB, and others. |
|
Tailored Action Plans
|
Our industry-specific recommendations help you focus on practical, impactful steps to achieve your sustainability targets. |
|
User-Friendly Reporting Tools
|
Simplify emissions reporting for stakeholders and regulators with Greenly's intuitive dashboards and reports. |
Whether you're just starting your carbon management journey or looking to refine your strategy, Greenly's expertise and solutions can help your company make meaningful progress toward a more sustainable future. Get in touch with Greenly today to find out more.
Sources:
- Greenly, Carbon Emissions: What You Need to Know
https://greenly.earth/en-gb/blog/ecology-news/carbon-emissions-what-you-need-to-know - World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), Homepage
https://www.wbcsd.org/ - Greenly, Climate Change in 2022: Where Do We Stand?
https://greenly.earth/en-gb/blog/ecology-news/climate-change-in-2022-where-do-we-stand - GHG Protocol, About Us
https://ghgprotocol.org/about-us - World Meteorological Organization, WMO Confirms 2024 as Warmest Year on Record
https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/wmo-confirms-2024-warmest-year-record-about-155degc-above-pre-industrial-level - Greenly, Paris Agreement: All You Need to Know
https://greenly.earth/en-gb/blog/ecology-news/paris-agreement-all-you-need-to-know - Greenly, Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Scopes 1, 2 and 3
https://greenly.earth/en-gb/blog/company-guide/greenhouse-gas-emissions-scopes-1-2-and-3 - Greenly, What Are Scope 1 Emissions?
https://greenly.earth/en-gb/blog/company-guide/what-are-scope-1-emissions - Greenly, What Are Scope 2 Emissions?
https://greenly.earth/en-gb/blog/company-guide/what-are-scope-2-emissions - Greenly, What Are Scope 3 Emissions?
https://greenly.earth/en-gb/blog/company-guide/what-are-scope-3-emissions - Global Climate Initiatives, Scope 3 Becomes Mandatory in France (2022 Decree)
https://globalclimateinitiatives.com/en/carbon-inventory/publication-du-decret-1er-juillet-2022-relatif-aux-bilans-demissions-de-gaz-a-effet-de-serre-enfin-le-scope-3-devient-obligatoire - The Guardian, 100 Fossil Fuel Companies Responsible for 71% of Global Emissions
https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/jul/10/100-fossil-fuel-companies-investors-responsible-71-global-emissions-cdp-study-climate-change - UN Environment Programme, Cities and Climate Change
https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/resource-efficiency/what-we-do/cities-and-climate-change - EY, Investors Shun Long-Term ESG Rewards in Quest for Short-Term Gains
https://www.ey.com/en_gl/newsroom/2024/12/investors-shun-long-term-esg-rewards-in-quest-for-short-term-gains#:~:text=Almost%20nine%20in%20ten%20of,it%20comes%20to%20decision%20making - World Economic Forum, How Generation Z is Driving Sustainability Through Lifestyle and Buying Decisions
https://www.weforum.org/stories/2022/03/generation-z-sustainability-lifestyle-buying-decisions - Unilever, Climate Transition Action Plan (2021)
https://www.unilever.com/files/035a7831-6a3c-4974-9f34-e9921b0bbe79/archive-unilever-climate-transition-action-plan--published-2021.pdf - Greenly, What is the Science-Based Targets Initiative (SBTi)?
https://greenly.earth/en-gb/blog/company-guide/what-is-the-science-based-targets-initiative-sbti - IKEA, Climate Report FY23
https://www.ikea.com/global/en/images/IKEA_CLIMATE_Report_FY_23_20240125_a5a1535f4e.pdf
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