Tourism can cause some negative impacts on the environment. But how can we still have fun traveling while respecting the environment in 2024?

Eco-responsible travel: our guide for 2024

The tourism industry is set to reach pre-pandemic heights in 2024, which is great news for businesses and those who work within the sector, however, it’s not such good news when it comes to the environment. Accounting for approximately 8% of global greenhouse gas emissions, the tourism sector is exacerbating climate change. Additionally, cheaper flights and ease of travel mean that mass tourism is placing undue pressure on local ecosystems and communities.

With global warming an increasing problem across the globe, and even threatening some of the destinations that tourists flock to, this has us wondering: Can eco-responsible travel help mitigate the environmental footprint of tourism?

👉 In this article we explore the environmental effects of mass tourism, and how eco-responsible travel can help to lessen some of the damaging impacts.

Mass tourism, also known as over-tourism, is referred to as “the movement of a large number of organised tourists to popular holiday destinations for recreational purposes”. Often associated with the traditional holiday package, it describes the use of standardised travel products and mass consumption that is typically associated with other sectors, such as the fashion industry. Despite the relatively minor impact of tourists on an individual level, when it comes to mass tourism it is the sheer volume of visitors in popular destinations that results in a negative impact on the environment.

💡 Did you know? 95% of the world's tourists flock to just 5% of its land area. This places a huge strain on a select number of popular tourist locations. 

The root of this mass tourism can be traced back to the democratisation of travel, boosted by more affordable transport and cheaper resort accommodation. The growth within the travel sector has risen steadily since the 1950s, generating huge revenues and providing jobs in many countries and communities. According to Statista the number of international tourist arrivals in 2023 totalled just under 1.3 billion, not too far off the peak of over 1.4 billion tourists in 2019. 

And while this might be good news for the economy, with tourism receipts reaching USD 1.4 trillion in 2023, this form of travel can unfortunately have a negative impact on local communities, environments, and historical sites. Less desirable impacts of mass tourism include: 

Increased consumption of water, raw materials, and food products

Mass tourism exerts enormous pressure on local resources. In many popular destinations, the influx of tourists leads to a significant spike in water usage, often in areas where water is already a scarce commodity. This increased demand can lead to water shortages for local communities. Additionally, the need for construction materials to build hotels, resorts, and other tourist facilities often leads to overexploitation of natural resources. The food industry, too, faces a surge in demand, which can result in overfishing and other unsustainable practices to cater to the varied tastes of international tourists.

The carbon footprint of mass tourism is substantial. Air travel, one of the primary modes of transport for international tourists, is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, the energy consumption of large hotels and resorts, often powered by fossil fuels, adds to the environmental impact. Recreational activities, such as cruises and leisure flights, further exacerbate these emissions, significantly contributing to global climate change and also increasing air pollution.

The local economy in popular tourist destinations often gets skewed towards tourism. This can lead to inflated property values and rent, making housing unaffordable for local residents. Similarly, as businesses cater more to tourists, food prices can rise, driven by increased demand and the introduction of products tailored to tourist preferences. This economic shift can make a living in tourism-centric areas prohibitively expensive for locals.

Degradation of natural and cultural heritage

Tourism can lead to a variety of environmental problems including the physical degradation of natural sites due to overuse and lack of proper maintenance. Sensitive ecosystems, like coral reefs and mountain trails, are particularly vulnerable. Cultural heritage sites also suffer from over-tourism, with historical landmarks and monuments facing wear and tear from excessive foot traffic. Additionally, the commercialisation of cultural practices and artefacts can dilute their authenticity and significance, leading to a loss of cultural heritage.

The situation has escalated to the point where the experience of vacationing is often marred by excessive crowds and noise. While tourism generates economic benefits, some destinations are becoming increasingly un-liveable and less appealing to both residents and visitors.

👉 Learn more about the impacts of tourism on the environment in our article. 

Tourism has surged in recent decades, causing large-scale environmental degradation, dangerous conditions, and pricing-out locals at major tourist sites. In this episode of The Idea File, Atlantic staff writer Annie Lowrey explains over-tourism and what we can do to fix it. 

Watch previous episodes of the Idea File series here:   

 • Millennials Are Sick of Drinking  

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Too Many People Want to Travel

Sustainable tourism on the other hand is the antithesis to mass tourism. It's an approach that integrates the principles of sustainable development to travel. The World Tourism Organization (WTO) defines sustainable tourism as “tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social, and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment, and host communities”.  

Economic sustainability - Ensuring that tourism contributes positively to the economic well-being of host destinations while ensuring fair distribution of benefits among all stakeholders.

Social sustainability - Focusing on the well-being of local communities, respecting their cultures and traditions, and ensuring that tourism does not lead to social displacement or exploitation.

Environmental sustainability - Minimising the ecological footprint of tourism activities, conserving natural resources, and promoting the preservation of biodiversity and natural habitats.

A key aspect of sustainable tourism is the active role played by tourists. It calls for travellers to be conscious of their impact and to make choices that support the sustainability of the destinations they visit. This involves understanding the social and environmental consequences of their travel and actively seeking to reduce negative impacts.

Most people understand that if we want to continue with traveling we need to embrace sustainable travel to minimize our impact on the environment, support local communities, and preserve natural and cultural resources.

Here is a short and effective video about this topic. #travel #sustainabletravel #ecotourism #sustainability #tourismindustry #travel

What is sustainable travel, and why it is important. Explained in two minutes

Mass tourism is becoming an increasingly big concern for many tourist locations around the world. These destinations, while benefiting economically, are facing severe environmental and cultural threats that are also exacerbated by global warming. 

Not only is this having a negative effect on the local populations within the impacted areas, but it’s also negatively impacting the experience of visitors to such locations. Let’s take a closer look at some of the world's most iconic tourist destinations that are suffering under the pressures of mass tourism: 

Tulum's transformation from a hidden gem to a major tourist hotspot is a textbook example of the double-edged sword of mass tourism. The influx of millions annually, drawn by its pristine beaches, clear waters, and Mayan ruins, has led to significant environmental and infrastructural strains, for example: 

Rapid urbanisation has led to the destruction of vital forests and mangroves

Overwhelmed wastewater systems are causing pollution, affecting both the underground water table and the Caribbean Sea

The construction boom, including hotels and roads, has dramatically altered the natural landscape

The spread of open-air dumps poses serious environmental and health hazards

Growth has seen Tulum's population triple in less than a decade, raising concerns about its future sustainability

Venice is another world-famous tourist location that is struggling with mass tourism. The influx of huge visitor numbers, including large cruise ships entering the lagoon highlights the delicate balance between preserving cultural heritage and accommodating the needs of its tourist-driven economy. The daily influx of tourists, outnumbering the local population, has prompted the city to implement significant measures in an effort to counter the effects of mass tourism, including:

A ban on large boats to protect the historic centre’s foundations

Restrictions on new souvenir shops to maintain local culture

An entrance fee for day-trippers to manage visitor numbers and promote off-season tourism

It’s hoped that these measures will help safeguard Venice's status as a World Heritage site and ensure its viability for future generations.

Santorini, famed for its stunning sunsets and unique architecture, is another victim of its own success. The island, particularly during the peak summer months, struggles under the weight of tourist demand:

The infrastructure of the small island is stretched to its limits, struggling to accommodate the sheer number of visitors

Local resources, such as water and energy, are under immense pressure, leading to sustainability concerns

The charm and tranquillity that draw people to Santorini are at risk, as overcrowding and noise pollution increase

Measures to control the flow of tourists, especially from cruise ships, are being considered to preserve the island's unique character and environment

Like Tulum and Venice, Santorini's experience underscores the urgent need for a sustainable approach to tourism. Balancing economic benefits with environmental preservation and local community well-being is essential for the survival of these destinations.

👉 Discover how climate change is impacting your favourite holiday destinations in our article. 

Tourism has grown exponentially over the past few decades, but what effect is it having on some of the world's most beautiful cities? We break down four major ways cities are being impacted by mass tourism.
#MassTourism #Tourism

How mass tourism is destroying cities

‍‍How to travel eco-responsibly in 2024

Travelling, by its very nature, has an environmental impact, but it's possible to significantly reduce this footprint. The focus isn't on stopping tourism altogether but on embracing a more mindful and sustainable way of travelling.

Upholding the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism

The Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, established by the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), sets out a series of principles aimed at minimising tourism's negative impacts on the environment and cultural heritage. This framework, adopted in 1999, encourages responsible and sustainable tourism development worldwide. It is a non-binding set of guidelines comprising ten core principles, which emphasise:

Fostering mutual respect - Tourism should promote understanding and respect among different cultures and societies

Encouraging fulfilment - Travel should serve as a means for individual and collective fulfilment

Sustainable development - Tourism must be a driving force for sustainable development

Preserving cultural heritage - Tourism should respect and contribute to the preservation and enhancement of cultural heritage.

Benefiting local communities - Host countries and communities should benefit from tourism activities

Stakeholder responsibilities - All parties involved in tourism development must uphold their respective obligations

Right to tourism - Everyone has the right to access tourism experiences

Freedom of movement - Tourists should have the liberty to move freely, provided they respect local regulations and customs.

Workers' Rights - The rights of workers and entrepreneurs in the tourism industry must be protected.

Implementing ethical principles - The principles of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism should be actively implemented and promoted

Adapting to current trends and challenges

As we move through 2024, the principles of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism are more relevant than ever. The tourism industry faces new challenges, such as adapting to post-pandemic travel norms, addressing climate change more aggressively, and ensuring that technological advancements in travel remain aligned with ethical and sustainable practices.

Travellers, industry professionals, and policymakers must work together to adapt these principles to the current landscape, ensuring that tourism continues to be a force for good, contributing positively to both the planet and its inhabitants. 

In the next section, we outline some of the steps that you can take on an individual level to support eco-tourism and minimise the negative impact of your travel.

Ecotourism was a concept developed in the 70's and 80's as a way to use tourism to encourage conservation and promote the well-being of local communities. Though ecotourism is intended to be a more environmentally friendly alternative, in practice it's not as straightforward. Studies show that in some cases, ecotourism efforts can flop. These failures are often the result of areas that attract too many tourists, and in some cases based on a lack of "charismatic" animal species. In this episode of Mongabay Explains, we look at what makes an ecotourism project a success, and when that can turn into a failure.

Read more: https://news.mongabay.com/2018/12/fro...

#mongabay #ecotourism #biodiversity #wildlife #conservation

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Is ecotourism better for the environment? | Mongabay Explains

Embracing off-the-beaten-path destinations in 2024

The world is filled with hidden gems beyond the usual capital cities and famed tourist spots. Why limit your travels when there are countless lesser-known locations offering unique experiences, cultural richness, and tranquillity? Venturing into these less crowded areas not only offers an escape from the hustle and bustle but also allows you to discover authentic local experiences and contribute to the economies of places that don’t typically benefit from tourism money.

Timing your visit to popular destinations

For those who still wish to visit more popular destinations, why not consider travelling during the off-season? Imagine wandering through the streets of a usually packed city or exploring famous landmarks without the usual throngs of tourists. Off-season travel can provide a more peaceful experience, allowing for a deeper connection with the place and its people.

As we move through 2024, sustainable tourism increasingly emphasises the concept of 'slow travel.' This approach involves travelling less frequently but staying longer at each destination. It’s about immersing yourself in the local culture, environment, and community, rather than hopping quickly from one tourist spot to another. Slow travel allows for a more meaningful and enriching experience, giving travellers the opportunity to truly absorb and appreciate the nuances of different cultures and places - while also reducing carbon emissions!

💡 By adopting these practices, travellers in 2024 can contribute to a more sustainable and responsible tourism culture and one that values the quality of experience over quantity of destinations.

Travel is one of the best things in the world, yet some aspects of travel aren't sustainable or are wasteful.  This travel tips video shares 12 easy life hacks for sustainable travel.  

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12 Tips For Sustainable Travel

Opting for eco-certified accommodation in 2024

The environmental impact of your travel accommodation can be significant, which is why choosing eco-certified accommodation is a key step in travelling sustainably. Moving away from large hotel chains, travellers now have the opportunity to connect with nature and contribute to its preservation by staying in establishments that prioritise environmental responsibility. These accommodations should adhere to strict standards, focusing on several critical areas:

Emphasis is placed on prioritising energy efficiency to maintain ideal temperatures while minimising energy consumption. This might include adopting eco-friendly energy solutions like heat pumps or solar panels or using an electricity plan that utilises renewable sources.

Commitment to using locally sourced, organic products alongside environmentally friendly textiles helps significantly in cutting down on textile waste.

Incorporation of systems designed to lower both water and energy usage, such as through the utilisation of energy-efficient appliances and LED light bulbs.

Implementation of robust waste reduction and recycling strategies coupled with appropriate disposal practices to ensure environmental responsibility.

Focus on construction techniques that are designed to reduce environmental impact and engage local communities, demonstrating a commitment to ecological sustainability and community involvement.

In 2024, there are a number of prominent eco-certification labels that travellers can look for to ensure that their accommodation selection is sustainable:

The European Ecolabel - Recognised across Europe, this label signifies high environmental standards

The Green Key - An international standard of excellence in the field of environmental responsibility and sustainable operation

The Green Globe - A global certification for sustainable tourism

❗Choosing a labelled establishment, however, doesn't absolve guests of personal responsibility. There are a number of other sustainability considerations that you should also take into account. For example, tourists can enhance their eco-friendly impact and reduce the energy consumed by:

Practice energy conservation by turning off lights when leaving a room

💡 For a truly unique experience, why not consider staying in an eco-lodge? These accommodations are designed with minimal environmental impact, and constructed to blend harmoniously with nature. Ecolodges not only protect the surrounding environment but also involve local communities, offering tourists an immersive and eco-conscious experience.

Transportation is a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, with 75% of the sector's greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, to align with eco-responsible travel goals, it's crucial to consider more sustainable modes of transportation.

While aeroplanes are often the fastest way to travel long distances, they are also among the largest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions in the tourism sector. This is why reducing reliance on air travel is a key step towards sustainable tourism. 

For longer distances, trains have emerged as a favoured option for eco-conscious travellers. They offer a more environmentally friendly alternative, significantly reducing the carbon footprint per passenger compared to flights.

While it might not always be possible to avoid flying, usually once you reach your destination the choices for green transportation become more accessible:

Cycling - An excellent way to explore while staying active and minimising emissions.

Walking - Ideal for short distances and immersing oneself in the local environment.

Public transportation - Buses, subways, and trams are efficient and reduce the per-person environmental impact when compared to taking a taxi.

Carpooling - A viable option for reducing the number of vehicles on the road, especially in areas where public transport is limited. Electric vehicles are also helping to make this even more eco-responsible.


Sustainable travel is often economical too

Governments and local authorities are increasingly recognising the importance of promoting sustainable transportation. Many countries and regions have introduced affordable public transport passes to encourage tourists and locals alike to opt for greener travel options. These initiatives not only make sustainable travel more accessible but also significantly contribute to reducing CO2 emissions.

👉 Discover why the transportation industry is so harmful to the environment in our blog. 

What does it mean to travel sustainably, ethically, or responsibly? And how do travelers and travel businesses attempt to minimize their negative environmental impact? Let’s explore the green tourism trend in this video.

00:00 Intro
03:48 Environmental sustainability
06:12 Economic sustainability
08:22 Social sustainability in travel

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[4] https://qz.com/1724042/the-countries-...
[5] https://news.booking.com/download/103...
[6] https://www.iea.org/commentaries/are-...
[7] https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20...
[8] https://www.boeing.com/resources/boei...
[9] https://www.iata.org/en/programs/envi...
[10] https://www.sustainability.booking.co...
[11] https://partner.booking.com/en-gb/hel...
[12] https://www.gstcouncil.org/gstc-crite...
[13] https://www.gstcouncil.org/wp-content...

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#sustainabletourism #sustainabletravel #greentravel #greentourism

Green Travel and Sustainable Travel Practices

One of the most enriching aspects of travel is the culinary experiences that it offers. In 2024, the emphasis on consuming local products remains a vital part of sustainable tourism. When you indulge in local specialties, you're not just treating your taste buds you're also playing a role in preserving and supporting:

Culinary traditions - Choosing small, local eateries over international chains helps maintain culinary diversity, reduce food waste, and supports small business owners

The environment - Opting for fresh, locally sourced, seasonal produce reduces the carbon footprint associated with long-distance food transportation.


Bringing home souvenirs is a timeless tradition of travel. In the context of sustainable tourism, selecting artisanal products is a way to contribute positively to the local economy. These items, handcrafted by local artists, are not only unique but also offer an insight into the region's cultural heritage. 

❗ In 2024, it’s increasingly important to be discerning about the origins of the souvenirs you choose. Always check the labels to ensure that the products are genuinely made in the region you are visiting. Avoid souvenirs that are misleadingly tagged with the location's name but are actually produced elsewhere, like the common ‘Made in China’ items found in many tourist destinations.

By consciously choosing to consume local products and souvenirs, travellers contribute to a more sustainable and equitable tourism model. This approach helps preserve local cultures, supports small businesses, and reduces environmental impact, making it a win-win for both the traveller and the host community.

In the spirit of eco-responsible travel, one of the key objectives in 2024 is to explore destinations without leaving a detrimental ecological impact. This approach involves blending seamlessly into new environments, absorbing cultures, and appreciating landscapes without contributing to their degradation.

Responsible waste management is a crucial aspect of this approach. It's essential to avoid littering in nature or public spaces. The practice of carrying your waste until you can dispose of it properly is not just respectful but necessary to preserve the beauty and cleanliness of the places you visit.

Eco-conscious travellers are increasingly adopting the use of durable and reusable items, actionable tips include: 

Water bottles and coffee cups - Use reusable water bottles and coffee cups instead of disposable ones. This not only reduces plastic waste but also encourages the consumption of local water and beverages, reducing the carbon footprint associated with transporting bottled drinks.

Eco-friendly travel gear - Choose travel gear made from sustainable materials by sustainable brands. This includes backpacks, luggage, and clothing made from recycled or organic materials, which reduces the demand for new resources and supports a circular economy.

Solar-powered devices - Use solar-powered chargers and gadgets to charge electronic devices reduce energy demand and limit greenhouse gases. These devices harness renewable energy, reducing the reliance on electricity generated from fossil fuels when travelling.

Solid toiletries - Switch to solid toiletries like shampoo bars, soap bars, and toothpaste tablets. These products often come in minimal or biodegradable packaging and are more lightweight and travel-friendly than their liquid counterparts.

Reusable shopping bags - Carry foldable reusable shopping bags to avoid the need for single-use plastic bags when shopping for groceries or souvenirs.

Bamboo or metal straws - Use bamboo or metal straws instead of plastic straws, which are a significant source of plastic pollution in oceans and waterways. You could even consider travelling with your own. 

Digital tickets and check-ins - Opt for digital boarding passes, tickets, and hotel check-ins to reduce paper waste.

Portable water filters - For travellers visiting destinations where tap water is not drinkable, using portable water filters or purifying tablets can be a sustainable alternative to buying bottled water.

Eco-friendly sunscreen - Choose reef-safe sunscreen that doesn't contain harmful chemicals like oxybenzone and octinoxate, which can damage coral reefs and marine life.

Cloth towels and napkins - Carrying a small cloth towel or napkin can reduce reliance on disposable paper towels and napkins.

👉 Learn more about recycling and waste in our blog. 

Travelling far from home is no excuse for forgetting basic etiquette regarding environmental responsibility. For example, a WWF report highlighted that beach tourism contributed to 52% of the waste found in the Mediterranean Sea. Such statistics underscore the importance of individual actions in combating waste production during travel.

Embracing the future of responsible travel

As we look towards a more sustainable future, the importance of eco-responsible tourism in 2024 cannot be overstated. By adopting practices such as supporting local economies, choosing green transportation, consuming local products, and minimising waste production, we as travellers can have a huge impact when it comes to preserving the cultural and natural heritage of our destinations. This shift in travel behaviour not only enriches our own experiences but also ensures that the wonders of the world remain intact for future generations to explore and cherish.

At Greenly we can help you to assess your company’s carbon footprint, and then give you the tools you need to cut down on emissions. Why not request a free demo with one of our experts - no obligation or commitment required. 

If reading this article has inspired you to consider your company’s own carbon footprint, Greenly can help. Learn more about Greenly’s carbon management platform here. 

In this article, we define what Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions are and their significance in managing a company's carbon footprint.

What are Scopes 1, 2 and 3 Emissions?

You might not have read the Paris Agreement cover to cover, but there's a good chance you've heard about one of its primary goals: keeping the rise in global temperatures below 1.5°C. This figure hasn't been plucked from thin air - it's a crucial benchmark to keep the more extreme effects of climate change at bay.

So, what's the best way to achieve this? Well, the key is reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). And a big part of that comes down to keeping an eye on something called Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions. 

These categories aren't just industry jargon, they're key to identifying the sources of emissions and figuring out effective ways to reduce them and prevent global warming. In this article, we'll unravel these terms and explain why they're essential in our collective effort to combat climate change.

👉 In this article, we clarify what Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions are and their significance in managing a company's carbon footprint.

Why do we need to understand Scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions?

Why is it important to work out Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions? Let's start with a quick refresher: the greenhouse effect is a natural process that helps keep the Earth's temperature at a level suitable for human life. But here's the catch – the excessive GHG resulting from human activities is supercharging this effect, leading to a rise in the average global temperature. And the fallout? It's putting the Earth's ecosystems in a tight spot, threatening the delicate balance that supports life as we know it.

To effectively reduce your carbon emissions, whether as an individual or a company, the first step is understanding how much carbon you're actually emitting. This is where the concept of GHG emissions Scopes comes into play. They provide a structured way to categorise and measure these emissions, laying the foundation for targeted strategies to cut down on carbon output.

💡 To learn more about the Earth's carbon cycle and why it's out of balance head over to our article on the topic. 

Climate experts are warning that the Earth is heading toward a “climate danger zone,” and many scientists say greenhouse gas emissions are to blame. Here’s what greenhouse gases are and how they contribute to climate change.

What are greenhouse gases and how do they contribute to climate change?

The Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG Protocol)

To understand Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions we need to look to the Greenhouse Gas Protocol. This initiative is a comprehensive multi-stakeholder partnership, encompassing businesses, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), governmental bodies, and other entities, all brought together by the World Resources Institute (WRI) in 1998.

Their mission? To develop and establish international standards for accounting and reporting GHG emissions for businesses and to encourage widespread adoption.

Over the years, the GHG Protocol has expanded to include several standards, each designed to address different aspects of greenhouse gas measurement and management. Below is a brief overview of the key standards:

<table>
  <thead>
    <tr>
      <th>Standard</th>
      <th>Purpose</th>
      <th>Best For</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard</td>
      <td>Provides requirements and guidance for companies and other organizations to prepare a corporate-level GHG emissions inventory.</td>
      <td>Companies and Organizations</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Corporate Value Chain (Scope 3) Standard</td>
      <td>Allows companies to assess their entire value chain emissions impact and identify where to focus reduction activities.</td>
      <td>Companies and Organizations</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard</td>
      <td>Helps understand the full life cycle emissions of a product and focus efforts on the greatest GHG reduction opportunities.</td>
      <td>Companies and Organizations</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Policy and Action Standard</td>
      <td>Offers a standardized approach for estimating the greenhouse gas effect of policies and actions.</td>
      <td>Countries and Cities</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Mitigation Goal Standard</td>
      <td>Provides guidance for designing national and subnational mitigation goals and a standardized approach for assessing and reporting progress toward goal achievement.</td>
      <td>Countries and Cities</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>GHG Protocol for Cities (Global Protocol for Community-Scale GHG Emission Inventories)</td>
      <td>Provides a robust framework for accounting and reporting city-wide greenhouse gas emissions.</td>
      <td>Cities and Communities</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>GHG Protocol for Project Accounting</td>
      <td>The most comprehensive, policy-neutral accounting tool for quantifying the greenhouse gas benefits of climate change mitigation projects.</td>
      <td>Companies and Organizations; Countries and Cities</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>


To learn more about the GHG protocol head over to our blog. 

The term 'Scope emissions' first made its appearance in the GHG Protocol Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standards (the gold standard for corporate carbon accounting). These standards are a go-to resource for companies aiming to measure and report their GHG emissions accurately. They play a crucial role in breaking down a company's emissions into distinct categories, which are more commonly known as 'scopes.' More specifically, Scope 1, Scope 2, and Scope 3 emissions - each category represents a different source of emissions.

<table>
  <thead>
    <tr>
      <th>Scope</th>
      <th>Description</th>
      <th>Examples</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>Scope 1</td>
      <td>Direct emissions from sources owned or controlled by the company.</td>
      <td>
        - Fuel combustion from company-owned vehicles<br>
        - Emissions from on-site boilers, furnaces, and generators<br>
        - Process emissions from chemical production in owned facilities<br>
        - Fugitive emissions from refrigeration or air conditioning leaks
      </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Scope 2</td>
      <td>Indirect emissions from the generation of purchased electricity, steam, heat, or cooling.</td>
      <td>
        - Electricity used in offices and manufacturing plants<br>
        - Purchased heating or cooling for office buildings<br>
        - Steam used in industrial production processes<br>
        - District energy systems
      </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Scope 3</td>
      <td>All other indirect emissions in the value chain, not included in Scope 2.</td>
      <td>
        - Purchased goods and services (e.g., raw materials, office supplies)<br>
        - Business travel (e.g., flights, hotel stays)<br>
        - Employee commuting (e.g., car, bus, or train)<br>
        - Waste disposal (e.g., landfill, incineration)<br>
        - Use of sold products (e.g., fuel in cars sold by an auto manufacturer)<br>
        - Transportation and distribution (e.g., third-party logistics)<br>
        - End-of-life treatment of sold products (e.g., recycling, disposal)
      </td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>


By understanding and categorising emissions in this way, companies can develop more targeted strategies to reduce their overall carbon footprint.

Let's explore the different scopes in more detail.

What are scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions?
New climate-related reporting rules from the SEC would require publicly traded companies to account for their Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions, and some companies will be required to report Scope 3 emissions. But what does that mean?  Watch our quick video - the first in Climate Now's video mini-explainer series - to find out!

Scope 1, 2, and 3 Emissions explained | Climate Now Mini Video 01

Scope 1 emissions are directly released into the atmosphere as a result of a company's activities. These direct emissions originate from resources that are owned or controlled by the company. To ensure comprehensive tracking and management, Scope 1 emissions are categorised into four distinct groups:

Stationary combustion - This category includes all fuels that produce greenhouse gas emissions during combustion (natural gas, oil, coal, etc). It encompasses a wide range of stationary sources such as boilers, furnaces, and other combustion equipment.

Mobile combustion - This encompasses all vehicles owned or controlled by the firm that burn fuel, including cars, vans, trucks, etc. It's important to note that emissions from electric vehicles are classified under Scope 2.

Fugitive emissions - These emissions are associated with the unintentional release of greenhouse gases. Common examples include emissions from refrigeration and air conditioning units, as well as leaks from industrial gases.

Process emissions - These are emissions released during industrial processes or general production activities. This category includes emissions from manufacturing processes, such as factory fumes, and the release of chemicals like nitrous oxide.

Unlike Scope 1 which covers direct emissions, Scope 2 emissions refer to indirect GHG emissions that arise from the consumption of purchased electricity, steam, heat, and cooling in buildings and production processes. These emissions are classified separately because they originate from sources not directly controlled by the company.

The majority of Scope 2 emissions typically stem from electricity consumed by the company. This category encompasses the indirect emissions produced during the generation of the electricity purchased, which is then transmitted and distributed to the company. 

Scope 3 emissions represent a significant part of GHG accounting. However, because it involves quantifying carbon emissions associated with a company's supply chain it is often seen as the most challenging to quantify. Unlike Scope 1 and 2 emissions, Scope 3 emissions are not directly linked to the company's own operations, but rather to the entire value chain, incorporating both upstream and downstream emissions. These significant carbon emissions are associated with the company's operations, yet they occur outside of its direct control.

Scope 3 emissions encompass a wide range of indirect emissions, examples include:

Purchased goods and services - This includes emissions related to the production of goods and services before their purchase by the company.

Business travel and employee commuting - This covers emissions from air travel, railway travel, taxis, and the commuting practices of employees.

Waste disposal - Emissions arising from landfill operations, wastewater treatment, and other waste management activities.

Use of sold products - Emissions that result from the end use of the company's products and services by consumers.

Transportation and distribution - This involves emissions from transporting and distributing goods via land, sea, and air, including those related to third-party warehousing.

Investments - Emissions linked to equity investments, debt investments, capital goods, project finance, managed investments, and client services.

Leased assets and franchises - Emissions from assets leased by the company and operations of franchises.

Scope 3 emissions provide a comprehensive view of a company's environmental impact, extending beyond its immediate operations to the broader impacts associated with its value chain emissions.

💡 Scope 3 emissions typically constitute the majority of a company's greenhouse gas output. According to the World Economic Forum, value chain emissions can account for as much as 70% of a business's total emissions footprint.

As businesses and public organisations strive to take impactful climate action, it's essential to pay attention to Scope 3 emissions. These indirect emissions from your upstream and downstream activities like purchasing goods and services or the use phase of products can make up 70-90% of your carbon footprint.

Scope 3 emissions: what are they and why do they matter?

Why is it important to measure Scope 3 emissions?

Unless a company has significant real estate holdings and energy consumption the majority of a company's total greenhouse gas emissions, around 70%, typically comes from Scope 3 sources. This statistic underscores the extent to which a company's environmental impact extends beyond its direct activities, into its wider value chain. Addressing these emissions is crucial not only for reducing a company's carbon footprint but also for identifying cost efficiencies and reinforcing sustainable practices.

Additionally, it's revealing to note that 71% of global emissions can be traced back to just 100 companies. This fact emphasises the enormous responsibility and influence businesses have in tackling global warming. Nowadays, the role of businesses extends beyond mere product and service delivery; they are expected to be at the forefront of environmental responsibility. The growing demand from customers, employees, and investors is for companies to actively incorporate sustainability and environmental considerations into their operations.

Companies that embrace sustainable practices also position themselves for new growth and investment opportunities. Those who ignore this shift risk falling behind, as regulatory environments tighten and consumer expectations lean heavily towards environmental stewardship.

Measuring all emissions, particularly Scope 3, is therefore not just a regulatory formality, it's a strategic necessity, allowing companies to:

Pinpoint key GHG emission sources within their value chain

Assess the environmental practices of their partners and suppliers

Uncover operational inefficiencies and financial risks

Identify potential for cost savings and operational improvements

Strategise effective ways to lower their carbon emissions

Cultivate a culture of sustainability among all stakeholders

Stay prepared for evolving environmental regulations and responsibilities

Last, but not least, we have Scope 3!

Accounting for your company’s GHG emissions doesn’t just stop at your energy consumption and direct emission. Scope 3 is the focus area of GHG impact that follows a company’s value chain, allowing for decisions to be made all throughout every component of what makes your business what it is.

What is Scope 3? | Greenly  #climatechange #scope3

When we talk about measuring carbon footprints in terms of carbon and carbon dioxide equivalents, we are referring to the quantification of different greenhouse gases (GHGs) in terms of their impact on global warming. This measurement is crucial because different gases have varying levels of effect on the Earth's atmosphere.

The most common unit of measurement is the carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e), which standardises various GHGs based on their Global Warming Potential (GWP).

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most prevalent GHG emitted through human activities, such as fossil fuel combustion and deforestation. It serves as the baseline for the CO2e metric, with a GWP of 1.

Other greenhouse gases like methane(CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and fluorinated gases (HFCs, PFCs, SF6, and NF3) are also significant contributors to global warming. Each of these gases differs in GWP and atmospheric lifespan:

<table>
  <thead>
    <tr>
      <th>Gas</th>
      <th>Global Warming Potential (GWP)</th>
      <th>Atmospheric Lifespan</th>
      <th>Common Sources</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>Carbon Dioxide (CO2)</td>
      <td>1</td>
      <td>300–1,000 years</td>
      <td>Burning fossil fuels, deforestation, cement production</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Methane (CH4)</td>
      <td>~28–34 (over 100 years)</td>
      <td>~12 years</td>
      <td>Agriculture (livestock digestion), landfills, natural gas extraction</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Nitrous Oxide (N2O)</td>
      <td>~265–298</td>
      <td>~114 years</td>
      <td>Fertilizers, industrial processes, combustion of fossil fuels</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)</td>
      <td>12–14,800</td>
      <td>15–29 years</td>
      <td>Refrigeration, air conditioning, aerosol propellants</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)</td>
      <td>~6,500–12,200</td>
      <td>Thousands of years</td>
      <td>Aluminum production, semiconductor manufacturing</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6)</td>
      <td>~23,500</td>
      <td>~3,200 years</td>
      <td>Electrical insulation, circuit breakers</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Nitrogen Trifluoride (NF3)</td>
      <td>~17,200</td>
      <td>~500 years</td>
      <td>Semiconductor manufacturing, LCD panel production</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>


How are Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions used in reporting?

Understanding and reporting Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions is not just about categorising emissions - it’s about ensuring transparency, regulatory compliance, and aligning with climate action goals to reduce emissions. Each scope plays a unique role in reporting, helping organisations measure their impact comprehensively and communicate effectively with stakeholders.

Purpose: These emissions give organisations a clear picture of their direct environmental footprint, offering a starting point for reductions.

Often mandatory in regulatory frameworks like the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) or national GHG reporting schemes.

Data collection typically involves on-site fuel logs, emission meters, or operational activity reports.

CO2e emissions from vehicles, on-site boilers, or industrial processes.

Annual emissions totals for internal performance tracking and regulatory compliance.

Ensuring accuracy in emissions measurements, especially for fugitive or process emissions.

Purpose: Scope 2 highlights an organisation’s reliance on energy and identifies opportunities to transition to renewable sources.

Frequently included in corporate sustainability reports and frameworks like CDP (Carbon Disclosure Project) and TCFD (Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures).

Ines Gendre, Copywriter specialising in environmental thematics

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